Michael J Thun

..Foremost among these are the need to strengthen efforts in international tobacco control and to increase the availability of vaccines against hepatitis B and human papilloma virus in countries where they are most needed...

..Whether these risks have continued to increase during the past 20 years is unclear...

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..These rates may be useful in communicating to legislators and policy makers about the cancer burden and potential impact of cancer control in their jurisdictions...

..Here, we report on the results of a large and comprehensive study of the association between genetic variation in the AR gene and risk of breast cancer in the National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3)...

..We examine the association between recent changes in smoking prevalence and state-specific tobacco control policies and activities in the entire U.S...

..We studied the association between breast cancer risk and polymorphisms in genes that code for GNRH1 and its receptor (GNRHR) in the large National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (NCI-BPC3)...

..Due to the large population of lifelong nonsmokers in our cohort and the long period of follow-up, these findings provide substantial evidence against the hypothesis that alcohol consumption independently increases lung cancer risk...

..This year's report includes trends in lung cancer incidence and death rates, tobacco use, and tobacco control by state of residence...

..This report updates statistics on lung, female breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers and highlights the uses of selected surveillance data to assist development of state-based cancer control plans...

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..Thus, our findings do not support the hypothesis that common genetic variation in one-carbon metabolism genes influences prostate cancer risk...

..We examined relationships among race, education level, and mortality from cancers of the lung, breast, prostate, colon and rectum, and all sites combined in contemporary US vital statistics...

..7; 95% CI, 1.3-5.3 for highest versus lowest quartile; P(trend) = 0.008). This study suggests that high consumption of cooked processed meats may contribute to prostate cancer risk among Black men in the United States...

..Vitamin D has been hypothesized to prevent breast cancer through genomic and non-genomic actions in cell-cycle regulation...

..These results are consistent with the hypothesis that past, but not recent, multivitamin use may be associated with modestly reduced risk of colorectal cancer...

..03, p-trend = 0.11) or vegetable (RR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.57, 1.13; p-interaction = 0.01, p-trend = 0.29) consumption. This prospective study does not support an association between vegetable or fruit consumption and endometrial cancer...

..PON1, which encodes paraoxonase 1, has two common, nonsynonymous SNPs that alter the activity of this enzyme and may influence cancer risk...

..Less is known about the association between WC and mortality within categories of BMI or for the very high levels of WC that are now common...

..Further progress can be accelerated by supporting new discoveries and by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population...

..87; 95% CI, 1.59-5.16). The increased risk of endometrial cancer across the range of BMI in women who never used postmenopausal HT stresses the need to prevent both overweight and obesity in women...

..Progress in reducing the burden of suffering and death from cancer can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population...

..Whether risk is influenced by polymorphisms in other vitamin D metabolism genes and whether calcium or vitamin D intake modifies risk by genotype have not been evaluated...

..Recent epidemiologic studies have suggested that the use of NSAIDs, particularly aspirin, may also be associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer, but the evidence remains limited...

..Further progress can be accelerated by supporting new discoveries and by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population...

..Although the link between postmenopausal breast cancer and adiposity is well established, the association between weight gain and specific histopathologic characteristics of breast carcinoma has not been studied carefully...

..Because 80% of Americans are never or former smokers, it is important to consider the impact of other recommended behaviors...

..Accumulating evidence suggests that energy regulation, particularly insulin resistance, may influence breast cancer risk...

..60, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.96), but regular use of shorter duration was not (RR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.77, 1.40). Results support the hypothesis that long-duration vitamin E supplement use may reduce the risk of bladder cancer mortality...

..Potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in genes important in prostate angiogenesis (VEGF, HIF1A, and NOS3) have previously been associated with risk or severity of prostate cancer...

..Heritable factors explain up to 60% of the variation in IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in studies of adult twins...

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..To study the association between waist circumference and colorectal cancer, and whether it is independent of body mass index (BMI)...

..Calcium, vitamin D, and dairy products are highly correlated factors, each with potential roles in breast carcinogenesis. Few prospective studies have examined these relationships in postmenopausal women...

..Future evaluations of glycemic index and breast cancer risk may be strengthened by longer follow-up, more complete dietary information, and measurement of plasma insulin and IGF-I levels...

..Such data are needed to quantify the risks associated with smoking and to understand racial and sex disparities and temporal trends that are due to factors other than active smoking...

..46; 95% CI, 1.39-4.36). These results suggest that genetic variation in PON1, particularly at the L55M SNP, may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, NSAID use seems to modify this risk...

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..Data from large prospective studies are needed to fully characterize the impact of exogenous hormones on breast cancer incidence by type of hormone preparation and histology of the cancer...

..87, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.67-1.11]. Our results do not support an important role for vitamin E supplements in prostate cancer prevention...

..We examined the relation between whole grains, fruit, vegetables and dietary fiber and colon cancer risk in the prospective Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort...

..26 for total NSAIDs; RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.69-1.12 for aspirin). Although we cannot exclude a small reduction in breast cancer risk associated with NSAID use, the results of this study provide evidence against a large reduction in risk...

..The time spent sitting was independently associated with total mortality, regardless of physical activity level. Public health messages should include both being physically active and reducing time spent sitting...

..49 to 0.82) in overall cancer mortality during follow-up occurring after 5 years on aspirin. However, the magnitude of the effect of daily aspirin use, particularly long-term use, on cancer mortality is uncertain...

..In this prospective study, current heavy alcohol intake was associated with a reduced risk of NHL. Associations did not differ by beverage type and were slightly stronger for B-cell tumors than for T-cell tumors...

..We examined the association between polymorphisms in XRCC1 and breast cancer in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II) Nutrition Cohort, a large prospective study of cancer incidence in the USA...

..08, 95% CI 0.86-1.35; RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.68-1.71, respectively, per 5-year increment). These findings suggest that progestins may mitigate some of the detrimental effects of estrogen on the ovarian epithelium...

..Obesity has consistently been associated with postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Proteins that are secreted by adipose tissue or are involved in regulating body mass may play a role in breast tumor development...

..Long-duration statin use was associated with substantially reduced risk of advanced prostate cancer in a recent large prospective study...

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..In summary, the impact of genetic variation in IGF1 and IGFBP3 on circulating IGF levels does not appear to substantially influence breast cancer risk substantially among primarily Caucasian postmenopausal women...

..The accumulated evidence from this and other studies support reconsidering stomach cancer as a tobacco-related cancer...

..590). Although the gene responsible has yet to be identified, the validation of this marker in this large sample of prostate cancer cases leaves little room for the possibility of a false-positive result...

..At least four polymorphisms in the VEGF gene have been associated with changes in VEGF expression levels: -2578C/A, -1154G/A and -634G/C are all located in the promoter region; and +936C/T is located in the 3'-untranslated region...

..We examined the association between BMI and colorectal cancer incidence by use of HRT, and number of postmenopausal years without HRT, a measure of duration of exposure to lower levels of estrogen...

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..Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population and by supporting new discoveries in cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment...

..55, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.90). Our study suggest that a common haplotype in the TLR10-TLR1-TLR6 gene cluster influences prostate cancer risk and clearly supports the need for further investigation of TLR genes in other populations...

..Most of these studies, however, have had limited ability to control rigorously for cigarette smoking or to examine risk separately by smoking status...

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..Obesity and physical activity, in part through their effects on insulin sensitivity, may be modifiable risk factors for pancreatic cancer...

..These data illustrate the importance of examining breast cancer risk factors separately by HRT use; the effects of other risk factors may be attenuated or obscured among women taking HRT...

..To assess the association between the use of multivitamins and prostate cancer mortality...

..With few exceptions, established breast cancer risk factors were similarly associated with risk of death from breast cancer among African-American women and White women...

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..22; p(trend) = 0.01). Results from this study suggest that high levels of sedentary behavior may increase the risk of ovarian cancer, but they do not support a major impact of light and moderate physical activity on ovarian cancer risk...

..27). Our results are consistent with a positive association with alcohol but do not support an association with folate or methionine intake or an interaction between folate and alcohol intake on risk of breast cancer...

..Obesity has been associated with aggressive prostate cancer. The extent of this association, which varies by stage and grade, remains unclear. The role of recent weight change had not been previously examined...

..This may reflect persistent differences in unknown environmental risk factors or possible genetic susceptibility...

..Our findings are consistent with other studies that show lower risk of postmenopausal breast cancer associated with regular physical activity...

..The prevalence of pipe smoking has declined since the 1960s, yet usage is still common regionally, especially among older populations...

..51). In summary, light and moderate physical activity including daily life activities were associated with lower endometrial cancer risk in our study, especially among women who are overweight or obese...

..Consumption of diets with high glycemic load has been hypothesized to increase pancreatic cancer risk by raising postprandial glucose levels and insulin secretion...

..Our findings identify two loci in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene cluster that predict smoking behavior and provide strong evidence for the involvement of the alpha5 nicotinic receptor in heavy smoking...

..However, the potential effect of long-term daily use of higher doses of aspirin on cancer incidence remains uncertain...

..Our results do not rule out effects of vitamin supplementation in areas in which stomach cancer rates are high and stomach cancer etiology may differ...

..The extent to which these disparities reflect unequal access to health care versus other factors is an active area of research...

..CONCLUSIONS: These two prospective studies provide limited evidence that current use of chewing tobacco or snuff may increase mortality from heart disease and stroke...

..31), and confidence intervals were wide, generally including 1.0. DQI was unrelated to cancer mortality. As currently constructed, the DQI may have limited ability to predict mortality...

..Implementation of the framework will require long-term, extensive coordination and cooperation among these major cancer surveillance organizations...

..Progress in reducing the burden of suffering and death from cancer can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population...

..In spite of the continued decline in cancer death rates in the most recent time period, the total number of recorded cancer deaths in the United States continues to increase slightly due to the aging and expanding population...

..CONCLUSIONS: Postmenopausal obesity is an important and potentially avoidable predictor of fatal breast cancer in this study. These results underscore the importance of maintaining moderate weight throughout adult life...

..To describe the use of treatment for tobacco dependence in relation to insurance status and advice from a healthcare provider in a population-based national sample interviewed in 2000...

..The 36% increase in risk associated with obesity among women who had never used postmenopausal estrogens may have important public health implications because obesity is a growing problem in the United States...

..Population-based data on the prevalence and correlates of this activity is important in the evaluation of potential public health interventions for skin cancer prevention...

..The influence of excess body weight on the risk of death from cancer has not been fully characterized...

..96%). These results show that buccal cell samples collected and processed under optimal conditions can be used for genome-wide association studies with results comparable to those obtained from DNA extracted from buffy coat...

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..1, 95% CI = 1.3-3.4 >or=2000 mg/day of dietary calcium, P trend = 0.04). Our results support the hypothesis that very high calcium intake, above the recommended intake for men, may modestly increase risk of prostate cancer...

..Although the probability that these ER-negative findings are false-positive results is high, these findings were consistent across each cohort examined and warrant further study...

..63, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.71). Study results are consistent with the hypothesis that diabetes is associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer but only several years after diagnosis of diabetes...

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..The variation according to risk factors provides strong evidence that much of cancer is caused by environmental factors and is potentially avoidable...

..If the correlation between obesity and cancer mortality is entirely causal, we estimate that overweight and obesity now account for one in seven of cancer deaths in men and one in five in women in the US...

..We examined the relationship of these polyunsaturated fatty acids and the ratio of their intake with colorectal cancer risk in a large U.S. prospective cohort...

..S. Department of Health and Human Services to adopt the 2000 U.S. standard population for the age adjustment of death rates prompted the American Cancer Society to update historical cancer mortality statistics using the new standard...

..Results from some epidemiologic studies have suggested that aspirin use may reduce risk of pancreatic cancer, but the evidence remains limited...

..We discuss reasons why the associations we observe are lower than those reported by R. Doll and R. Peto (J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health, 32: 303-313, 1978)...