E E Calle

..Obesity has consistently been associated with postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Proteins that are secreted by adipose tissue or are involved in regulating body mass may play a role in breast tumor development...

..We examined the association between polymorphisms in XRCC1 and breast cancer in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II) Nutrition Cohort, a large prospective study of cancer incidence in the USA...

..Here, we report on the results of a large and comprehensive study of the association between genetic variation in the AR gene and risk of breast cancer in the National Cancer Institute Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3)...

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..The influence of excess body weight on the risk of death from cancer has not been fully characterized...

..If the correlation between obesity and cancer mortality is entirely causal, we estimate that overweight and obesity now account for one in seven of cancer deaths in men and one in five in women in the US...

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..To investigate the hypothesis that tubal sterilization is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer...

..Future evaluations of glycemic index and breast cancer risk may be strengthened by longer follow-up, more complete dietary information, and measurement of plasma insulin and IGF-I levels...

..In this population, the reduction in coronary heart disease mortality among estrogen users was greatest for thinner women. Additional studies are needed to confirm or refute these results...

..28-0.81) and decreased risk of rectal cancer mortality at any age (rate ratio = 0.40; 95% CI, 0.20-0.80). Our results do not support a substantial effect of vitamin C or E supplement use on overall colorectal cancer mortality...

..This may reflect persistent differences in unknown environmental risk factors or possible genetic susceptibility...

..Recent studies suggest that long-term cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Whether the association is causal or due to confounding remains unclear...

..Our results do not rule out effects of vitamin supplementation in areas in which stomach cancer rates are high and stomach cancer etiology may differ...

..82-1.29 for men > or =75 versus 65-66 inches). These results support the hypothesis that obesity increases risk of prostate cancer mortality. Decreased survival among obese men may be a likely explanation for this association...

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..These results suggest that buccal cells should be collected before brushing teeth and processed within 5 days of collection to maximize hDNA yield...

..96; 95% CI, 1.09-3.53) and men (RR = 1.63; 95% CI, 1.02-2.62) compared with nonconsumers. This study supports a modest role for plant foods in reducing the risk of fatal stomach cancer in men, but not in women...

..g., the adoption of filtertips), or changes in smoking practices. We examined data from the Connecticut Tumor Registry and two American Cancer Society studies to explore these possibilities...

..82), and external causes (RR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.02). These findings suggest that mortality from other diseases, as well as coronary heart disease, may contribute to the increased mortality associated with a younger age at menopause...

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..CONCLUSIONS: Postmenopausal obesity is an important and potentially avoidable predictor of fatal breast cancer in this study. These results underscore the importance of maintaining moderate weight throughout adult life...

..31), and confidence intervals were wide, generally including 1.0. DQI was unrelated to cancer mortality. As currently constructed, the DQI may have limited ability to predict mortality...

..CONCLUSIONS: These two prospective studies provide limited evidence that current use of chewing tobacco or snuff may increase mortality from heart disease and stroke...

..Postmenopausal estrogen use is associated with increased risk of endometrial and breast cancer, 2 hormone-related cancers. The effect of postmenopausal estrogen use on ovarian cancer is not established...

..We examined the relationship of these polyunsaturated fatty acids and the ratio of their intake with colorectal cancer risk in a large U.S. prospective cohort...

..Obesity has been associated with aggressive prostate cancer. The extent of this association, which varies by stage and grade, remains unclear. The role of recent weight change had not been previously examined...

..46; 95% CI, 1.39-4.36). These results suggest that genetic variation in PON1, particularly at the L55M SNP, may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, NSAID use seems to modify this risk...

..Although the link between postmenopausal breast cancer and adiposity is well established, the association between weight gain and specific histopathologic characteristics of breast carcinoma has not been studied carefully...

..Such data are needed to quantify the risks associated with smoking and to understand racial and sex disparities and temporal trends that are due to factors other than active smoking...

..At least four polymorphisms in the VEGF gene have been associated with changes in VEGF expression levels: -2578C/A, -1154G/A and -634G/C are all located in the promoter region; and +936C/T is located in the 3'-untranslated region...

..22; p(trend) = 0.01). Results from this study suggest that high levels of sedentary behavior may increase the risk of ovarian cancer, but they do not support a major impact of light and moderate physical activity on ovarian cancer risk...

..7; 95% CI, 1.3-5.3 for highest versus lowest quartile; P(trend) = 0.008). This study suggests that high consumption of cooked processed meats may contribute to prostate cancer risk among Black men in the United States...

..Thus, our findings do not support the hypothesis that common genetic variation in one-carbon metabolism genes influences prostate cancer risk...

..Whether risk is influenced by polymorphisms in other vitamin D metabolism genes and whether calcium or vitamin D intake modifies risk by genotype have not been evaluated...

..Accumulating evidence suggests that energy regulation, particularly insulin resistance, may influence breast cancer risk...

..In summary, the impact of genetic variation in IGF1 and IGFBP3 on circulating IGF levels does not appear to substantially influence breast cancer risk substantially among primarily Caucasian postmenopausal women...

..PON1, which encodes paraoxonase 1, has two common, nonsynonymous SNPs that alter the activity of this enzyme and may influence cancer risk...

..Most of these studies, however, have had limited ability to control rigorously for cigarette smoking or to examine risk separately by smoking status...

..Data from large prospective studies are needed to fully characterize the impact of exogenous hormones on breast cancer incidence by type of hormone preparation and histology of the cancer...

..51). In summary, light and moderate physical activity including daily life activities were associated with lower endometrial cancer risk in our study, especially among women who are overweight or obese...

..87; 95% CI, 1.59-5.16). The increased risk of endometrial cancer across the range of BMI in women who never used postmenopausal HT stresses the need to prevent both overweight and obesity in women...

..Long-duration statin use was associated with substantially reduced risk of advanced prostate cancer in a recent large prospective study...

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..03, p-trend = 0.11) or vegetable (RR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.57, 1.13; p-interaction = 0.01, p-trend = 0.29) consumption. This prospective study does not support an association between vegetable or fruit consumption and endometrial cancer...

..We examined the association between BMI and colorectal cancer incidence by use of HRT, and number of postmenopausal years without HRT, a measure of duration of exposure to lower levels of estrogen...

..96%). These results show that buccal cell samples collected and processed under optimal conditions can be used for genome-wide association studies with results comparable to those obtained from DNA extracted from buffy coat...

..However, the potential effect of long-term daily use of higher doses of aspirin on cancer incidence remains uncertain...

..Our findings identify two loci in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene cluster that predict smoking behavior and provide strong evidence for the involvement of the alpha5 nicotinic receptor in heavy smoking...

..Consumption of diets with high glycemic load has been hypothesized to increase pancreatic cancer risk by raising postprandial glucose levels and insulin secretion...

..Although the probability that these ER-negative findings are false-positive results is high, these findings were consistent across each cohort examined and warrant further study...

..Calcium, vitamin D, and dairy products are highly correlated factors, each with potential roles in breast carcinogenesis. Few prospective studies have examined these relationships in postmenopausal women...

..1, 95% CI = 1.3-3.4 >or=2000 mg/day of dietary calcium, P trend = 0.04). Our results support the hypothesis that very high calcium intake, above the recommended intake for men, may modestly increase risk of prostate cancer...

..The 36% increase in risk associated with obesity among women who had never used postmenopausal estrogens may have important public health implications because obesity is a growing problem in the United States...

..Results from some epidemiologic studies have suggested that aspirin use may reduce risk of pancreatic cancer, but the evidence remains limited...

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..The prevalence of pipe smoking has declined since the 1960s, yet usage is still common regionally, especially among older populations...

..27). Our results are consistent with a positive association with alcohol but do not support an association with folate or methionine intake or an interaction between folate and alcohol intake on risk of breast cancer...

..The accumulated evidence from this and other studies support reconsidering stomach cancer as a tobacco-related cancer...

..87, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.67-1.11]. Our results do not support an important role for vitamin E supplements in prostate cancer prevention...

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..With few exceptions, established breast cancer risk factors were similarly associated with risk of death from breast cancer among African-American women and White women...

..63, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.71). Study results are consistent with the hypothesis that diabetes is associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer but only several years after diagnosis of diabetes...

..26 for total NSAIDs; RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.69-1.12 for aspirin). Although we cannot exclude a small reduction in breast cancer risk associated with NSAID use, the results of this study provide evidence against a large reduction in risk...

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..Recent epidemiologic studies have suggested that the use of NSAIDs, particularly aspirin, may also be associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer, but the evidence remains limited...

..To assess the association between the use of multivitamins and prostate cancer mortality...

..There are few data on prostate cancer incidence and survival in relation to socioeconomic status in the 1990s, after the introduction of prostate specific Antigen (PSA) testing...

..Furthermore, we find no evidence that other reproductive factors are associated with pancreatic cancer mortality...

..71, 95% CI 0.56-0.91). CONCLUSION: Our results are consistent with a modest reduction in colon cancer mortality associated with use of folic acid-containing multivitamins among moderate to heavy alcohol users...

..CONCLUSION: This study adds to the evidence that postmenopausal women can reduce their risk of breast cancer by avoiding or minimizing their use of alcohol...

..Smokers who quit may derive substantial benefit from doing so. Confirmation of these observations is needed through additional epidemiological and biological research...

..Dairy product intake was not related to overall risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the hypothesis that calcium modestly reduces risk of colorectal cancer. Vitamin D was associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer only in men...

..Our findings point to multiple loci with moderate effects associated with susceptibility to prostate cancer that, taken together, in the future may predict high risk in select individuals...

..Inflammation has been hypothesized to increase prostate cancer risk. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an important mediator of the inflammatory process, but the relationship between TNF variants and prostate cancer remains unclear...

..Several dietary factors have been associated with risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in case-control studies, but no prospective studies have investigated diet and ALS...

..Our findings do not support the hypothesis that common germ line variation in CYP17 makes a substantial contribution to postmenopausal breast or prostate cancer susceptibility...

..To assess the risk of lung cancer in smokers of medium tar filter cigarettes compared with smokers of low tar and very low tar filter cigarettes...

..004). In contrast, no significant associations were found for use of vitamin C or multivitamins. These results suggest that vitamin E supplementation could have a role in ALS prevention...

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..8, 2.1). These data suggest that dairy consumption may increase the risk of Parkinson's disease, particularly in men. More studies are needed to further examine these findings and to explore underlying mechanisms...

..Thus, although genetic variation in CYP19A1 produces measurable differences in estrogen levels among postmenopausal women, the magnitude of the change was insufficient to contribute detectably to breast cancer...

..75, 2.30; p = 0.34) among users. These results suggest that caffeine reduces the risk of Parkinson's disease but that this hypothetical beneficial effect may be prevented by use of estrogen replacement therapy...

..We estimate that the population attributable risk of the new locus, marked by rs6983267, is higher than the locus marked by rs1447295 (21% versus 9%)...

..Our summary results from the GWAS are available online in a form that should speed the identification of additional risk loci...

..590). Although the gene responsible has yet to be identified, the validation of this marker in this large sample of prostate cancer cases leaves little room for the possibility of a false-positive result...

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..Statistical power to examine associations by colon site has been limited in previous studies...

..These data suggest that inherited variants in ESR2 (while possibly conferring a small increased risk of breast cancer) are not associated with appreciable (OR > 1.2) changes in breast cancer risk among Caucasian women...

..Our results may be explained either by a reduction in PD risk through moderate to vigorous activity, or by decreased baseline recreational activity due to preclinical PD...

..These results suggest that the germline variants in HSD17B1 characterized by these htSNPs do not substantially influence the risk of prostate cancer in U.S. and European whites...