T E Rohan

..We tested the effect of conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) on risk of benign proliferative breast disease in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized controlled trial...

..Daily use of 1,000 mg of elemental calcium as calcium carbonate plus 400 IU of vitamin D(3) for almost 7 years by postmenopausal women did not alter the overall risk of benign proliferative breast disease...

..84; 95% CI, 1.09-7.41). The results of this study suggest that p53 protein accumulation and nonpolymorphic intronic changes in p53 are associated with increased risk of progression to breast cancer in women with benign breast disease...

..We have established a new cohort study, the Canadian Study of Diet, Lifestyle, and Health, to investigate the relationship between diet, lifestyle factors, molecular markers, and cancer incidence in Canada...

..76 (95% CI, 0.38-1.52). The risk varied little by levels of baseline characteristics. The results of this study suggest that the use of estrogen plus progestin may increase the risk of benign proliferative breast disease...

..To investigate the association between cigarette smoking and risk of benign proliferative epithelial disorders (BPED) of the breast...

..To investigate the association between dietary carotenoid intake and lung cancer risk in women...

..These results suggest that a modest reduction in fat intake and increase in fruit, vegetable, and grain intake do not alter the risk of benign proliferative breast disease...

..We found no association of intake of meat or any of the dietary iron-related variables with risk of endometrial cancer...

..In the present study, we assessed the association of serum levels of eight antioxidant nutrients in relation to risk of colorectal cancer, using repeated measurements...

..We found no association of intake of iron, heme iron, or iron from meat with risk of colorectal cancer overall or with any of the subsites, nor was there effect modification by alcohol consumption or hormonal replacement therapy...

..51; P(trend) =.66) for total carbohydrates, and 1.03 (95% CI = 0.73 to 1.44; P(trend) =.71) for total sugar. Our data do not support the hypothesis that diets high in glycemic load, carbohydrates, or sugar increase colorectal cancer risk...

..It is unclear whether circulating insulin or glucose levels are associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. Few prospective studies have examined this question, and only one study had repeated measurements...

..There was no evidence of effect modification among the nutrients. This large study provides little support for an association of dietary intake thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, or methionine with five major cancers in women...

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..Large prospective studies are required to evaluate this association...

..Long-term cigarette smoking may be associated with an increased risk of epithelial ovarian tumours...

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..62, 95% CI = 0.95-2.75, P(trend) = 0.06). Given the pervasive use of these beverages, the associations between coffee and tea consumption and ovarian cancer risk warrant investigation in further prospective studies...

..We conducted this study to evaluate the association between baseline levels of ferritin and sTfR and the risk of developing DM among overweight and obese individuals at high risk of DM...

..The present study provides evidence that high parity may be associated with increased risk of renal cell cancer, and that oral contraceptive use may be associated with reduced risk...

..If hormonal pathways are involved in gliomagenesis, this could eventually lead to the design of preventive strategies...

..Free IGF-I levels were inversely associated with endometrioid adenocarcinoma, consistent with prior cross-sectional data...

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..Therefore, we assessed the feasibility of using whole genome amplification (WGA) on genomic DNA extracted from archived human hairs (stored for 7 to 11 years) to increase the quantity of DNA available for genotyping analysis...

..We examined the association of smoking and alcohol intake with TNBC and estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer...

..We did not confirm prior associations of low IGF-I with glucose intolerance in this cohort of older individuals...

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..Intakes of dietary iron and, in particular, heme iron may increase breast cancer risk because of the prooxidant properties of iron. However, few studies have examined the association of iron and heme-iron intakes with breast cancer risk...

..We examined the associations of three inflammation markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, with risk of endometrial cancer...

..Ultimately, it is important to determine whether iron levels in the breast and iron-induced pathology are higher in women who go on to develop breast cancer compared to women who do not...

..To assess the association of recreational physical activity and anthropometric factors in relation to risk of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast...

..These findings suggest that in smokers, BMI is inversely associated with lung cancer risk and that waist circumference is positively associated with risk...

..Such studies are required to prove the causal relationship between moderate iron overload and diabetes risk...

..The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between the frequency and quantity of alcohol intake and the risk of developing CHD among postmenopausal women with diabetes...

..Clinical trials that have evaluated the effect of calcium supplementation on lipids are limited by a short follow-up, and data on vitamin D are scarce...

..Analysis of the repeated measurements supported the results of the baseline analysis. These data suggest that elevated serum insulin levels may be a risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer...

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..This large prospective study with detailed information on meat preparation methods provides no support for a role of meat mutagens in the development of postmenopausal breast cancer...

..However, there have been no prospective studies examining the relationship between HGF levels and risk of stroke...

..The present study provides only limited support for the hypothesis that menstrual/reproductive factors or exogenous hormone use play a role in gliogenesis...

..Our results also provide guidelines on how various parameters of the pooled sequencing design affect the efficiency of detecting associations...

..Observational studies have commonly linked higher alcohol consumption with a modest increase in invasive breast cancer risk, but cohort studies have not examined alcohol intake in relation to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)...

..The results of this large cohort study provide little support for an association of cigarette smoking with risk of DCIS in postmenopausal women...

..S. non-Hispanic whites to reveal ethnic-specific cancer patterns and disparities in Puerto Ricans...

..We investigated the association between fasting plasma levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3, and insulin and risk of incident CHF in the prospective Cardiovascular Health Study...

..However, no prospective studies have directly assessed associations between circulating levels of insulin and/or insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, a related hormone, and the risk of breast cancer independent of estrogen level...

..However, the results do not support an association with colon cancer risk, even with smoking of very long duration and high intensity...

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..Given the paucity of epidemiological data regarding the relationship between dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load and endometrial cancer risk, we sought to examine these associations using data from a prospective cohort study...

..47-1.19, p(trend)=0.48). Our data raise the possibility that relatively long duration of oral contraceptive use may be inversely associated with risk among women with a family history of breast cancer...

..Additional prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings...

..However, given the limited literature regarding the role of diet in the etiology of pancreatic cancer, particularly with respect to glycemic index/load, further investigation is warranted...

..The present study provides little support for associations with hormonal factors, smoking, or alcohol consumption, but there is a need for additional prospective data...

..However, if this finding is confirmed, this would support the rationale for intervention trials aimed at reducing cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality among older adults by targeting the GH/IGF-I pathway...

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..However, given that this is the first prospective cohort study of carotenoids in relation to colorectal cancer, further studies are warranted...

..22 (95% CI 0.99-1.59). Our findings suggest that smoking of very long duration and high intensity may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer...

..We have examined the evidence for an association between cigarette smoking and risk of endometrial cancer, including studies related to the proposed biological mechanisms...

..However, little is known regarding the effects of blood specimen processing time on measured levels of total and free IGF-I, and on IGFBP-3, the major binding protein...

..However, this assumption is seldom tested...

..13, 95% CL = 1.01-1.25). These results strongly suggest that cigarette smoking might play an important role in the etiology of breast cancer, particularly when initiated relatively early in life and when engaged in for long durations...

..To assess the association between total insulinlike growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), and IGFBP-3 levels and functioning and mortality in older adults...

..There is compelling evidence in support of positive associations between arsenic and risk of both lung and bladder cancers, and between cadmium and lung cancer risk...

..Our results add to the limited existing evidence that certain reproductive and hormonal factors may be associated with lung cancer risk in women...

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..These findings require confirmation in future studies, as do suggestions of increased risk among women with certain genotypes...

..To date, however, only one prospective cohort study has examined dietary carotenoids other than beta-carotene in relation to breast cancer risk...

..Our results indicate that the low-fat dietary intervention was not associated with significant changes in hemostatic factors among postmenopausal women...

..The underlying biological mechanisms of this association remain unclear...

..Although smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer, much is unknown about lung cancer etiology, including risk determinants for nonsmokers and modifying factors for smokers...

..In conclusion, we observed that alcohol consumption and folate intake were not associated with altered risk of BPED, and that there was no effect modification between them in relation to the risk of BPED...

..These data do not support an important relation between fat or cholesterol intakes and lung cancer risk. The means to prevent this important disease remains avoidance of smoking...

..Therefore, we examined ovarian cancer risk in association with GI and GL, and intake of dietary carbohydrate and sugar...

..In conclusion, our data raise the possibility that relatively high levels of zinc, iron, and calcium in benign breast tissue may be associated with a modest increase in risk of subsequent breast cancer...

..To evaluate the influence of dietary fibre on menarche in a cohort of pre-menarcheal girls...

..5 servings/wk) compared with women with the lowest (virtually none) was 0.88 (95% confidence interval = 0.60-1.29, P for trend = 0.15). When type of fish was examined separately, the association was similar for fatty and lean fish...

..Consumption of papaya > or =1 time/week was inversely associated with persistent HPV infection...

..Although smoking is the strongest risk factor for lung cancer, greater intake of foods high in beta-cryptoxanthin, such as citrus fruit, may modestly lower the risk...

..Few studies have evaluated carotenoids and vitamins C and E in association with the risk of breast cancers defined by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status...

..However, randomized-trial evidence that calcium with vitamin D supplementation is beneficial in the primary prevention of colorectal cancer is lacking...

..Although many studies have investigated the association between anthropometry and ovarian cancer risk, results have been inconsistent...

..These results suggest that consumption of the major carotenoids during adulthood does not play a major role in the incidence of ovarian cancer...

..Estrogen metabolism differs according to both BMI and HT use, potentially explaining the interaction between BMI and HT in relation to breast cancer risk...

..The results generally did not differ across studies or by sex, smoking habits and lung cancer cell type. In conclusion, these data do not support the hypothesis that intakes of vitamins A, C and E and folate reduce lung cancer risk...

..00). The associations observed were generally similar across studies, for both sexes, and for colon cancer and rectal cancer. These pooled data did not suggest that carotenoids play an important role in the etiology of colorectal cancer...

..Although case-control studies have reported conflicting results for dairy foods and lactose, several cohort studies have shown positive associations between skim milk, lactose, and ovarian cancer...

..03, 95% CI = 0.77 to 1.38), compared with never smokers. Passive smoke exposure was not associated with colorectal cancer in adjusted analyses. Thus, active exposure to cigarette smoking appears to be a risk factor for rectal cancer...

..Studies in animals have suggested that calcium may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. However, results from epidemiologic studies of intake of calcium or dairy foods and colorectal cancer risk have been inconclusive...

..However, findings related to specific alcoholic beverages or different anatomic sites in the large bowel have been inconsistent...

..We studied genotype-specific infection duration among 2462 women enrolled in the Ludwig-McGill cohort study...

..Furthermore, establishment of our international, multi-disciplinary group will create a unique forum in which to undertake not only this study but also further investigations of the molecular pathogenesis of breast cancer. ..

..g., by enabling chemoprevention to be targeted to specific subgroups of women). ..