Ray W Waters

..We are in the dawn of a new century, and, it is hoped, a new era of discovery of enteric disease pathogenesis and control...

..bovis-infected dairy herds. A high-throughput ELISA could be adapted as a movement, border, or slaughter surveillance test, as well as a supplemental test to tuberculin skin testing...

..Comparative approaches provide unique and comprehensive insights into mononuclear cell biology that may be applicable to similarly described cell populations in humans...

..This powerful combination of genomic information, molecular tools, and immunological assays has enabled the identification of previously unknown antigens of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis...

..avium subsp. paratuberculosis, it appears that use of the rESAT-6:CFP-10 fusion protein will be useful for the detection of tuberculous cattle in herds with pre-existing sensitization to M. avium and/or M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis...

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..These findings indicate that adherent PBMC from white-tailed deer are capable of NO production and that mononuclear cells isolated from M. bovis-infected white-tailed deer produce NO in an antigen-specific recall response...

..As responses of NOS2(-/-) mice were affected by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) deficiency, albeit to a lesser extent than were those of NOS2(+/+) mice, NO-independent actions of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) also likely exist...

..The objective of this study was to develop a method to simultaneously examine phenotype, proliferation, apoptosis, and death of antigen-stimulated porcine lymphocytes...

..bovis infection. These findings indicate that M. kansasii infection of calves elicits specific responses that may confound the interpretation of bovine tuberculosis tests...

..Pre-processing conditions, particularly delays in set-up and initial high sample temperatures, reduces IFN-gamma responses of cells from infected cattle increasing the risk of false negatives in this assay of regulatory importance...

..These alterations in surface molecule expression upon activation likely impact trafficking to sites of inflammation and the functional capacity of these cells within tuberculous granulomas...

..A predominant B cell in vitro proliferative response by elk PBMC to crude mycobacterial test antigens will likely impact the development of improved diagnostic tests of tuberculosis infection for this species...

..Additionally, this study confirms that mycobacteria-specific antibody is detectable early in the course of experimental Johne's disease, even preceding the development of specific cell-mediated responses...

..Of the 12 antigens tested, the most immunodominant protein was MPB83; however, a highly sensitive serodiagnostic test will likely require use of multiple antigens...

..In contrast, BCG vaccination will likely not interfere with tuberculosis testing by the IFN-gamma assay...

..Recent evidence suggest that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) may affect T-dependent responses in cattle; however, mechanisms by which this vitamin modulates activation of bovine T cells are unclear...

..Findings from the present study provide basic information on several parameters of cellular immunity of elk...

..These data indicate that CD4(+) and gammadelta TCR(+) cells of M. bovis-infected cattle proliferate in a recall response to M. bovis PPD and that the CD4(+) cell response is boosted by intradermal injection with PPD for CCT...

..Overall, these findings indicate that NO and TNF-alpha, like IFN-gamma, may prove useful as indices for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis...

..Present in vitro findings, therefore, may be predictive of host responses by reindeer that limit progression to disseminated disease...

..parvum from previously infected mice. These findings provide further evidence that polyamine metabolic pathways are targets for new anticryptosporidial chemotherapeutic agents...

..bovis-induced IFN-gamma production...

..Together, these findings indicate that IFN-gamma-based tests may prove useful for TB surveillance of reindeer...

..These findings demonstrate the potential for new-generation antibody-based tests for the early detection of M. bovis infection in cattle...

..bovis infection of reindeer elicits an antibody response to multiple antigens that can be boosted by skin testing. Serological tests using carefully selected specific antigens have potential for early detection of infections in reindeer...

..bovis antigens, this response is not sufficient to clear M. bovis and immunologic intervention may require stimulation of alternate subsets of lymphocytes...

..The results show that the commercial assay is valid for the detection of TB in reindeer; however, further development of the assay will be required before it is used in surveillance programmes for white-tailed deer, fallow deer, and elk...

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..In conclusion, these results suggest that the bovine neonate can mount a vigorous, adult-like cell-mediated immune response when vaccinated at an early age...

..Measurement of both IFN-gamma and antibody responses after skin testing may be useful in identifying M. bovis-infected cattle; however, the timing of collection of such samples may influence interpretation...

..Furthermore, the immunologic mechanisms responsible for the antigen-specific unresponsiveness of peripheral blood B cells may be significant in the eventual progression from subclinical to clinical Johne's disease in cattle...

..In white-tailed deer BCG provides measurable protection against challenge with virulent M. bovis. However, persistence of vaccine within tissues as well as shedding of BCG from vaccinates remain areas for further investigation...

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..These findings demonstrate the unique sensitivity of porcine CD8(+) T cells to priming for recall response by vaccination with a proteinase-digested B. hyodysenteriae bacterin...

..Little or no proliferative responses were detected within the IgM(+) population (e.g. B cells). This is the first study to define the contribution of individual lymphocyte subsets to mitogen-induced proliferation of porcine PBMCs...

..Although vaccine persistence was noted, especially in SC vaccinated deer, the distribution of culture-positive tissues makes human exposure through consumption unlikely...

..Our results indicate that a single microbial species, C. parvum, is capable of triggering the development of IBD-like lesions in germfree TCR-alpha-deficient mice...

..Diminished expression of iNOS and reduced numbers of CD8+ and gamma/delta T cells late in the progression of tuberculous granulomas may represent a failure of the host response to control infection...

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..In white-tailed deer, BCG provides protection against challenge with virulent M. bovis. Issues related to vaccine persistence, safety and shedding remain to be further investigated...

..Wildlife management practices that result in unnatural gatherings of deer may enhance both direct and indirect transmission of M bovis...

..These data may explain why the vaccination of elk with S19 and SRB51 induces poor protection against brucellosis...

..These findings suggested that cell death within M. bovis -induced granulomas in white-tailed deer was due mainly to mechanisms other than apoptosis...

..05) after aerosol challenge when compared with control mice after i.p. S2308 challenge...

..The data provide evidence for a threshold number of PMNs necessary for lesion development and indicate that CD18, but not CD29, adhesive pathways are crucial for PMN recruitment in bacterial colitis...

..bovis to cattle through sharing of feed. In areas where tuberculosis is endemic in free-ranging white-tailed deer, management practices to prevent access of wildlife to feed intended for livestock should be implemented...

..An understanding of lesion development will aid in the identification of the spectrum of disease that may be seen in this important wildlife reservoir of tuberculosis...

..As used in the present study, the comparative cervical skin test is a sensitive method of antemortem diagnosis of M. bovis infection in white-tailed deer...

..The behavior of does with nursing fawns provides several potential mechanisms for disease transmission. Little information exists concerning transmission between doe and fawn, specifically transmammary transmission...

..Measurement of IFN-gamma production to PPDb may serve as a useful assay for the antemortem diagnosis of tuberculosis in Cervidae...

..Additional research is necessary to determine whether these subtle effects influence the calf's susceptibility to infectious disease...

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..e., age) and antigenic experience affect IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha secretion by bovine leukocytes and suggest that 1,25-(OH)2D3 can alter secretion of both cytokines under specific conditions of culture...

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..bovis challenge as compared to controls. This study suggests that oral BCG vaccination may be a feasible means of controlling bovine tuberculosis in wild white-tailed deer populations...

..The calf sensitization and challenge model provides an informative screen for candidate tuberculosis vaccines before their evaluation in costly non-human, primates...

..In addition, more robust immunological responses were associated with increased pathology. These results suggest that early immune responses play a critical role in establishing the pathological outcome...

..These findings suggest that experimental oral inoculation of white-tailed deer fawns may mimic all aspects of subclinical and clinical paratuberculosis...

..paratuberculosis surface proteins for immune profiling experiments in cattle...

..Bovine palatine tonsilar reticular epithelium contains key immune cells, as well as potential M-cell-like cells; elements essential for antigen uptake, antigen processing and initiation of immune responses...

..Additional research is necessary to determine if low serum 25(OH)D concentrations during the winter or pre-weaning period are associated with increased rates of infectious and metabolic disease...

..GATA3 expression inversely correlated with pathology. Overall, expression of immune response genes correlated more closely with pathology than vaccination treatment...

..In tissue culture models, signal regulatory protein (SIRP)alpha (also referred to as macrophage fusion receptor or CD172a) is essential for multi-nucleate giant cell formation...

..Collectively, these findings demonstrate that a feral PRV in commercial swine can modulate the host's early immune response to allow the virus to establish an infection...

..These data demonstrate that overexpression of the rat SPCA results in significant changes in the expression of calcium transport and storage proteins in COS-7 cells...

..Differences likely exist; however, between cattle and deer in both disease distribution and primary route of inoculation in naturally infected animals...

..Comparative cervical skin testing of reindeer can be highly sensitive, but has low specificity. Specificity can be improved by modification of criteria for interpretation of the CCT...

..Aerosol delivery of M. bovis to white-tailed deer results in a reliable manner of experimental infection that may be useful for studies of disease pathogenesis, immune response, mycobacterial shedding, and vaccine efficacy...

..Protective efficacy of vaccination was not evaluated. Vaccination of reindeer for WNV may be warranted in certain circumstances combined with management practices to limit exposure to potential vectors...

..Although animal models of aerosol inoculation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis have been reported using laboratory animals, a model of aerosol delivery of M. bovis to cattle has not been reported previously...

..More robust IFN-gamma mRNA expression correlated with pathology early in infection. These findings indicate that IFN-gamma expression likely plays a role in both protection and pathogenesis...

..05) that of the uninfected deer. Although this is encouraging, further studies are necessary to validate the use of the proteinase K-digested M. bovis antigens in the antibody-based assays of tuberculosis...

..The need for multiple large oral doses to establish infection, and the low number of orally inoculated raccoons that excreted M. bovis in nasal secretions or saliva, suggest that wide-spread tuberculosis among raccoons is unlikely...

..Intentional or unintentional feeding of deer by wildlife or agricultural interests in regions where M. bovis infection is endemic should be avoided because both direct and indirect transmission through sharing of feed are enhanced...

..The DeltaRD1 strain may prove useful for bovine TB vaccine programs, particularly if additional mutations are included to improve safety and immunogenicity...

..Although several animals were also infected with abomasal nematodes, the presence of this newly described haemomycoplasma may have contributed to the anemic syndrome...

..The anatomical distribution of abomasal ulcers in this population of captive white-tailed deer resembled that seen in veal calves...

..Although colostrum appeared to block endogenous antibody production, certain B-cell functions were retained. These findings will aid in development of new vaccination strategies for improving health of the preruminant calf...

..These results suggest that the Mycopar vaccine will interfere with diagnostic tools for paratuberculosis but result in low interference with the comparative cervical skin test and emerging serologic tests for M. bovis...

..These results demonstrate genetic and antigenic diversity among T. phagedenis-like treponemes and provide further evidence for the involvement of these spirochetes in the pathogenesis of PDD...

..The identification of a biologically active bovine homologue to granulysin demonstrates the potential of the bovine model in characterizing the role of granulysin in the immune response to a variety of infectious agents...

..Collectively, data indicate that recall immune responses directed toward the rESAT-6-CFP10 fusion protein or purified protein derivative are comparable and that recall to mycobacterial antigens correlates with a CD45RO(+) phenotype...

..bovis or M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis for differential diagnosis of cattle infected with M. bovis or M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis...

..Compromised cell-mediated immunity appears to be the best explanation at this time for the observed high morbidity and mortality from mycobacterial infections in pygmy rabbits...

..These data suggest that a combined vaccine regimen of M. bovis BCG and a candidate ESAT-6:CFP10 DNA vaccine may offer greater protection against tuberculosis in cattle than vaccination with BCG alone...

..Similarly to MAPIA, infected elephants were identified using the RT up to 4 years prior to positive culture. These findings demonstrate the potential for TB surveillance and treatment monitoring using the RT and MAPIA, respectively...

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..avium subsp. paratuberculosis or other mycobacteria. Based on diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, the SELISA appears superior to the commercial ELISAs routinely used for the diagnosis of JD...

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..The studies clearly show multicolor FC offers a consistent reliable way to monitor the evolution and changes in the immune response to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis that occur during disease progression...

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..44 (P < 0.05). There were similar differences in IS in the ileum, where the score for treated mice was 1.12-0.20 and that for mice receiving no drug was 1.32. There was no acute or chronic toxicity for any compound tested in vivo...

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..The results of this study reveal that the C. parvum SSAT may provide a rational target for drug design...