J R Stabel

..paratuberculosis (M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis) 19-kDa lipoprotein as an immunomodulator in cattle with Johne's disease, the gene encoding the 19-kDa protein (MAP0261c) was analyzed...

..We examined survival of M. paratuberculosis infections within cultured macrophages to better understand the interplay between bacterium and host...

..Use of a laboratory-scale pasteurizer unit demonstrated that treatment of raw milk at 72 degrees C for 15 s effectively killed all M. paratuberculosis...

..Antibody was not detected in either beef or bison calves during the 6 mo infection period. These results indicate that the host response to strains of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis may differ between ruminant species...

..paratuberculosis but resulted in an average 25% reduction in colostral immunoglobulin. These results suggest that HTST pasteurization is effective in generating a safer product to feed to young calves...

..These results suggest that alphabeta T cells play a major role in resistance to infection with M. paratuberculosis and that gammadelta T cells may play a lesser role and potentially confound protective immune responses...

..In addition, contamination of bulk tank milk samples with M. paratuberculosis does occur in seropositive herds, even in some with negative fecal cultures...

..In conclusion, the ISMap02 element provides a very sensitive and specific alternative as a diagnostic reagent for use in PCR assays for the detection of paratuberculosis...

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..These data demonstrate that energy balance is improved by providing additional energy in this manner and suggest energy supplementation can improve some aspects of immune function during the periparturient period...

..In addition, CD8+ lymphocytes appear to play an important role as a mediator of M. paratuberculosis infection in naturally exposed cattle...

..Numbers of viable bacteria cultured from the ileum and MLN after 6 months of infection were also significantly reduced in 1.0% Ca mice. These results suggest that Ca metabolism is an important modulator of M. paratuberculosis infection...

..paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis), in an attempt to understand the dialogue between immune cells and their mediators during infection and what causes this discourse to go awry...

..A summary of past and current studies concerning this issue along with a discussion of methodologies used to recover M. paratuberculosis from experimentally inoculated milk will be presented in this paper...

..paratuberculosis, but some bacteria survived subpasteurization heat treatment of milk used for cheese manufacture...

..This paper reviews the current knowledge of T cell immune responses in M. paratuberculosis infection based upon clinical studies and research using mouse models...

..No viable bacteria were recovered after 28 wk of incubation. These results suggest that batch pasteurization of waste milk contaminated with M. paratuberculosis was effective at generating a clean product to feed to young calves...

..These data suggest that a variety of experimental infection regimes can be effective but oral inoculation with a clinical isolate may result in greater colonization of tissues and fecal shedding of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis...

..This is the first study to evaluate the role of Opn on the immune response of dairy cows naturally infected with MAP, and results suggest Opn may be a key regulator against MAP infection...

..Collectively, these data give a preliminary characterization of the first described M. paratuberculosis protein identified within infected macrophages...

..Additionally, this study confirms that mycobacteria-specific antibody is detectable early in the course of experimental Johne's disease, even preceding the development of specific cell-mediated responses...

..Furthermore, the immunologic mechanisms responsible for the antigen-specific unresponsiveness of peripheral blood B cells may be significant in the eventual progression from subclinical to clinical Johne's disease in cattle...

..These data suggest that parturition is a very dynamic time period for host immunity, with potential for altered immunity to hinder the ability of dairy cows to thwart infectious diseases...

..paratuberculosis was more sensitive than bacterial culture or staining, identified infection in all the bison, and detected the greatest number of positive tissues within each animal...

..These results suggest that a change in the balance of cytokines at the site of infection may contribute to the ability of the host to control Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection...

..The PPDs were more potent at stimulating IFN-gamma production than the whole cell sonicate. In conclusion, whole blood should be stored/transported at ambient room temperature and stimulated within 12 h of collection...

..The ZTS can stimulate PMN and lymphocyte-mediated immune defense mechanisms in the mammary gland, which may provide a useful means of preventing new intramammary infections during the dry period as well as at the initiation of lactation...

..Furthermore, providing additional energy to cows with Johne's disease did not preclude immunosuppressive effects during the periparturient period...

..The frequency of staining for Opn in the ICN was not affected by MAP infection. Results of this study confirm for the first time, the expression of Opn in the ileum and ICN of MAP-infected cattle...

..The method described here is rapid, simple, and inexpensive compared with other techniques. In addition, this method can detect animals that are shedding less than 1 cfu/g...

..paratuberculosis. These data demonstrate that localized ileal cytokine production is different between cows chronically infected with M. paratuberculosis and noninfected control cows...

..These results suggest that the Mycopar vaccine will interfere with diagnostic tools for paratuberculosis but result in low interference with the comparative cervical skin test and emerging serologic tests for M. bovis...

..These results suggest that differential expression of CD5bright and CD5dim subpopulations on B cells in animals with paratuberculosis may reflect a shift in host immunity during the disease process...

..paratuberculosis. The dOH method could be a good alternative to existing assays and will be adapted for specific identification of M. paratuberculosis from faecal samples, mixed bacteriologic cultures, tissue specimens and whole blood...

..avium ssp. paratuberculosis, perhaps decreasing dissemination of infection over time...

..avium subsp. paratuberculosis, it appears that use of the rESAT-6:CFP-10 fusion protein will be useful for the detection of tuberculous cattle in herds with pre-existing sensitization to M. avium and/or M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis...

..bovis-infected dairy herds. A high-throughput ELISA could be adapted as a movement, border, or slaughter surveillance test, as well as a supplemental test to tuberculin skin testing...

..This study is the first study to demonstrate protection against M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection with expression library immunization...

..These purified antibodies demonstrated that Csp1 was present within infected macrophages. Collectively, these data identify novel M. paratuberculosis antigens that may be important in pathogenesis...

..In summary, an induction of B cell responses was noted after experimental infection with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, with differences in responses noted according to the method of experimental inoculation...

..These results suggest changes in the percentages of lymphocyte subsets, monocytes, and CD5 markers are modulated by both infection status and the periparturient period...

..avium subsp. paratuberculosis that may be directly related to their effects on macrophage activation and killing of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis...

..Using these criteria, 25 of 25 bison tested were positive for MAP. The data indicate that these free-ranging bison have been infected by MAP...

..These were followed by antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation, iNOS secretion, and expression of CD26 and CD5(bright) markers in the latter part of the 12-month study...

..This extensive recombinant protein repository provides a powerful tool for proteome- and genome-scale research of this organism...

..paratuberculosis surface proteins for immune profiling experiments in cattle...

..This powerful combination of genomic information, molecular tools, and immunological assays has enabled the identification of previously unknown antigens of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis...

..These findings suggest that experimental oral inoculation of white-tailed deer fawns may mimic all aspects of subclinical and clinical paratuberculosis...

..The authors suggest that the MMP is a virulence factor of M. paratuberculosis that may be important in the initiation of infection in vivo...

..avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens that are not present in any other mycobacteria. These findings may have a major impact on improved diagnostics for Johne's disease...

..Increased percentages of T lymphocytes expressing adhesion molecules in milk compared to blood suggest that a migratory population of cells is being selectively recruited to the mammary gland from the circulation...

..In this study, purified recombinant MMP was used to produce two stable monoclonal antibodies, termed 8G2 and 13E1, which were characterized by immunoblotting, epitope mapping, and immunofluorescence microscopy...

..Application of these new tools in addressing foodborne related issues of M. paratuberculosis is discussed...

..Shedding of Map from infected cats was not evaluated. The epidemiologic role of Map-infected feral cats on dairy farms requires further investigation...

..25 for sensitivity of 66.7% (47.2-82.7) and specificity of 93.5% (85.5-97.9) or 98.3% (96.4-99.4), respectively. The PPDj was more accurate at identifying MAP-infected sheep than was the MpS (P = 0.034)...

..Results from these studies will provide tools for developing a better understanding of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in the host and offer potential as diagnostic reagents and vaccine candidates...

..avium subsp. paratuberculosis as well as other mycobacteria. These detection reagents may be beneficial in many JD research applications...

..These results suggest that infection/invasion of MAP organisms must occur in order to have a positive skin test or IFN-gamma ELISA beyond the false-positive rate. Simple exposure is not enough to elicit a detectable CMI response...

..Based on the frequencies of these regulatory region polymorphisms, the US Holstein population is not at a greater risk for BSE than Holsteins worldwide...

..The present study demonstrated that MAP proteins are useful as vaccine candidates to reduce MAP tissue burden...

..paratuberculosis-infected cows are likely poised for rapid apoptosis (upregulation of CIDE-A, Bad, TNFRI, and Fas)...

..paratuberculosis used, challenge dose, dose frequency, age of challenge, route of challenge, preparation of inoculum, experimental animal selection, quality control, minimal experimental endpoints and other parameters...

..Further, the results of our analyses reveal a relatively higher degree of genetic heterogeneity among M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates recovered from human and ovine sources...

..avium subsp. paratuberculosis from 26 and 16 specimens, respectively. The average times to positive were 7.4 +/- 8.3, 29.9 +/- 2.6, and 24 +/- 0 days, respectively. The contamination rates were 4.8, 22.6, and 20.0%, respectively...