A E Desjardins

..Thus, our data indicate that FB(1)-insensitivity is a relatively rare but heritable trait in maize. We also report the sensitivity of maize to other Gibberella toxins - beauvericin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and moniliformin...

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..The high frequency of 1 contamination and the high virulence of many 1-producers are of concern because maize is a staple food of rural populations in Nepal and because 1 has proven to be more toxic than 2 to animals...

..Thus, the increase in structural complexity along the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway in Fusarium is not necessarily associated with an increase in phytotoxicity...

..The data indicate a potential for fumonisin contamination of wheat infected with F. proliferatum...

..The obvious and appropriate solution is to retain the established meanings of genotype and chemotype, both of which have been in use for half a century in the fields of genetics and natural product chemistry...

..Sequence analysis indicated that F. graminearum TRI7 (FgTRI7) is nonfunctional. This is consistent with the fact that the FgTRI7 product is not required for DON synthesis in F. graminearum because C-4 is not oxygenated...

..zeae, Nepalese rice showed no detectable contamination with these mycotoxins. Effective traditional practices for grain drying and storage may prevent contamination of Nepalese rice with Fusarium mycotoxins...

..The results from these assays suggest a previously unrecognized branch in the fumonisin biosynthetic pathway...

..Despite the relatively low level of DNA and amino acid sequence similarity between the two genes, LH1 from G. zeae is the probable homologue of Tri1, which encodes a cytochrome P450 required for C-8 oxygenation in F. sporotrichioides...

..Availability of MAT-null and MAT-complemented strains provides a means to determine the importance of ascospores in the biology of G. zeae and perhaps to identify novel approaches to control wheat head blight...

..Fumonisins and DON were not eliminated by traditional fermentation for producing maize beer, but Nepalese rural and urban women were able to detoxify contaminated maize by hand-sorting visibly diseased kernels...

..These results confirm previous findings that trichothecenes contribute to the virulence of G. zeae, but also demonstrate that manipulating this fungus in the laboratory may cause it to undergo subtle changes that reduce its virulence...

..This evidence confirms that fumonisins are not required for G. moniliformis to cause maize ear rot and ear infection...

..These results indicate that production of FB(1), FB(2), or FB(3) is not required for F. verticillioides to cause maize ear infection and ear rot...

..The observations made provide evidence that fumonisins are not likely to be a factor contributing to the ability of Fusarium to cause kernel black point disease...

..Our results show that Tri3 encodes an acetyltransferase that converts 15-decalonectrin to calonectrin...

..Understanding the regulation and function of trichothecene biosynthesis may aid in development of new strategies for controlling their production in food and feed products...

..These findings provide further evidence that the evolution of mycotoxin biosynthesis inFusarium has not always been congruent with the evolution of species...

..These results demonstrate the feasibility of using gene disruption in G. pulicaris and suggest a general method for obtaining Tox5- mutants in other trichothecene-producing fungi...

..These results provide the first direct evidence that altered fumonisin production phenotypes of naturally occurring F. verticillioides variants can result from single point mutations in the FUM cluster...

..These genetic observations are consistent with chemical observations that biosynthesis of T-2 toxin and NIV requires a C-4 hydroxylase while biosynthesis of DON does not...

..Disruption of two of the new genes, encoding longevity assurance factors, had no apparent effect on fumonisin production, but disruption of a third, encoding an ABC transporter, had a subtle effect on ratios of fumonisins produced...

..Thus, evolutionary forces have driven consolidation of TRI genes into fewer loci in some fusaria but have maintained three distinct TRI loci in others...

..This interdisciplinary research placed trichothecenes in the unique class of fungal metabolites that not only cause mycotoxicoses in animals but also are virulence factors in plant disease...

..This research effort could potentially save affected agricultural industries hundreds of millions of dollars during years of serious mycotoxin outbreaks...

..These data support the hypothesis that production of deoxynivalenol rather than nivalenol confers a selective advantage to this important wheat pathogen...

..These data indicate that moniliformin production is highly variable in F. subglutinans from U.S. maize and that production may not be required for the fungus to cause maize ear rot...

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..This limited interfertility supports retention of G. circinata and G. subglutinans as separate species, but offers opportunities to characterize the inheritance of virulence to pine...