N J Wareham

..The absence of large single-gene effects and the detection of multiple small effects accentuate the need for the study of larger populations in order to reliably identify the size of effect we now expect for complex diseases...

..To examine the association of education with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)...

..We investigate the association between occupational social class and self-rated health (SRH) at different ages in men and women...

..While previous evaluations of interventions to increase physical activity have involved communities or individuals with established disease, less attention has been given to interventions for individuals at risk of disease...

..TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials: ISRCTN60986572...

..BMI is considered to be one of the measures of choice to evaluate body fatness and there is evidence that body fatness is related with an increased risk of breast cancer (BC)...

..Our aim was to employ these methods to assess the independent association between energy expenditure, cardio-respiratory fitness and blood pressure...

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..Understanding how to detect these individuals and which environmental factors a program should attempt to manipulate is a major goal of studies that attempt to unravel gene-environment interaction...

..These data provide support for public health strategies aimed at increasing overall energy expenditure...

..We report the repeatability of this instrument and its validity against repeated objective measures of fitness and energy expenditure undertaken throughout the time frame of reference of the questionnaire...

..Such quantitative epidemiological data provide the basis for planning and evaluating the expected benefit of population-level interventions...

..This study was established to examine whether the concentration of this molecule predicts diabetes...

..In contrast, in Ala allele carriers, PAL modifies the association between P:S ratio and fasting insulin level in a multiplicative manner...

..To examine the cross-sectional association between plasma vitamin C, self-reported diabetes, and HbA1c...

..They provide further support to efforts promoting modifications in the intake of dietary fat...

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..CONCLUSIONS: These results add support to the hypothesis that smoking has long-term effects on glucose homeostasis, an association that cannot be explained by confounding by dietary factors as measured in this study...

..Whether these observations represent the true underlying aetiological relations or are a manifestation of the different precision with which the subdimensions of activity are measured remains uncertain...

..However, the direction of causality in these studies is uncertain. The aim of this study was to examine whether NEFA levels predicted the development of glucose intolerance in a prospective population-based cohort study...

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..Hyperleptinemia predicts a relative decline in PAEE and worsening insulin resistance, possibly via shared molecular pathways...

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..To investigate the interaction of a family history of diabetes with obesity and physical inactivity on diabetes prevalence in middle-aged and elderly men and women...

..Fiber-rich diets have been proposed to lower circulating levels of inflammatory makers. Our objective was to investigate cross-sectional relationships between fiber intake and plasma fibrinogen...

..We determined whether simple measures of physical activity and diet predicted incident diabetes and enhanced prediction by known risk factors including age, body mass index and family history...

..The relation between dietary fat, blood lipids, plasma factor VII coagulant activity (FVIIc) and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) according to the R353Q polymorphism in the factor VII gene was assessed...

..We quantified the association between the achievement of behavioural goals for the prevention of diabetes and the incidence of diabetes in a population-based cohort study...

..The objective of this study was to compare FFQ and 7-day diet diary (7DD) measurements of fibre intake with the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD)...

..Epidemiological studies have shown inconsistent results for the association between body size and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. Inconsistencies may be because of the reliance on self-reported measures of body size...

..The aim of this study was to examine the association between baseline body iron stores and new-onset diabetes...

..We investigated this association based upon a large population-based prospective cohort study...

..We compared clinical measures, prescribed medication, cardiovascular morbidity and self-rated health in individuals without diabetes in a screened vs. an unscreened population...

..The present study aimed to replicate our previously reported association in a larger case-control study and to examine an additional five SREBF1c SNPs for their association with diabetes risk and plasma glucose concentrations...

..The objective was to examine the relationship of glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1C)) concentration with HRT use in non-diabetic postmenopausal women...

..Previous studies have suggested that a variant in the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) gene is important in protecting against common obesity. Larger studies are needed, however, to confirm this relation...

..These findings suggest that diet may be a potentially modifiable risk factor for the development of asthma...

..We sought to assess the usefulness of the LAR as a measure of insulin resistance in non-diabetic white adults...

..The findings provide further support for efforts to promote increases in overall physical activity and modifications in the pattern of dietary fat intake in the whole population...

..We examined the association of overall level and intensity of physical activity with fasting insulin level, a marker of insulin resistance...

..We examined attendance and practice- and individual-level factors influencing uptake at each stage of a diabetes screening programme in general practice...

..To examine the relationship between Short Form (SF)-36 physical functional health-related quality of life and incident stroke...

..05). These data suggest the existence in this population of a gene-physical activity interaction on NEFA levels...

..We examined the association between serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and incident diabetes in a prospective study, and added these data to a literature-based meta-analysis to explore potential sources of heterogeneity between studies...

..The association between the Trp64Arg variant in the ADRB3 and body mass index (BMI) has been widely examined, but previous studies have been small and results have been inconsistent...

..00; 95% CI 0.82-1.22). In conclusion, forced expiratory volume in one second independently predicts self perceived physical well being in a general population across the whole normal distribution of respiratory function...

..In men, there was no evidence that HbA(1c) level was associated with fish consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The study found no evidence of an association between fish consumption and HbA(1c) after taking other lifestyle factors into account...

..Differences in energy metabolism and physical activity (PA) may contribute to the long-term regulation of body weight (BW)...

..SIM1-deficient mice have a hypocellular PVN and are severely obese with increased food intake...

..To determine the incidence of Type 2 diabetes and to examine the effect of different cut-points for impaired fasting glucose (IFG) on diabetes incidence...

..Microalbuminuria may be useful in identifying those at increased risk of stroke in the general population...

..The aim of this study was to examine the association between percentage body fat (%BF) and prospective risk of fracture...

..To investigate the effects of body size and sociodemographic characteristics on differences between self-reported (SR) and measured anthropometric data in men and women...

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..5%). We estimated the potential population impact of different stepwise screening strategies to identify individuals at high risk who might be offered preventive interventions...

..We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis that included new data from previously unpublished studies...

..We aimed to develop and evaluate a score based on routinely collected information to identify people at risk of having undetected diabetes...

..To investigate whether genetic variation at the UCP3 locus contributes to human obesity...

..To assess the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk of people with screen-detected Type 2 diabetes and to estimate the risk reduction achievable through early intensive pharmacological intervention...

..To investigate whether genetic variation at the loci encoding the corticotropin-releasing factor receptors-1 and -2 (CRF-R1 and CRF-R2) contributes to human obesity...

..In conclusion, increased PAI and decreased TGF-beta activity occur during a fat tolerance test and this effect may be modulated by a common insertion/deletion polymorphism in the PAI-1 promoter...

..We aimed to analyse whether variation in the HTR2C is associated with obesity- and mental health-related phenotypes in a large population-based cohort...

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..Using a Mendelian randomisation approach, we investigated whether there is evidence for a causal role of serum uric acid for development of type 2 diabetes...

..General population studies have shown associations between psychosocial factors and prevalent asthma but few have investigated incident asthma outcomes...

..To assess whether starting to smoke in childhood increases the risk of obstructive airways disease (OAD) in adult life...

..Whether triglyceride-mediated pathways are causally relevant to coronary heart disease is uncertain. We studied a genetic variant that regulates triglyceride concentration to help judge likelihood of causality...

..Adiponectin has been suggested to play a role in the etiopathogenesis of at least some forms of insulin resistance, in part based on a strong correlation between plasma levels of adiponectin and measures of insulin sensitivity...

..To test the accuracy of four measures of peripheral diabetic neuropathy in a primary care population...

..This paper describes the effect on multivariate regression coefficients of different levels of correlation, both between the variables themselves and between the errors of estimation of these variables...

..This simplification of the heart rate monitoring method could extend its use in ranking individuals in epidemiological studies...

..This gene-nutrient interaction emphasizes the difficulty of examining the effect of common polymorphisms in the absence of data on nongenetic exposures, and may explain the heterogeneity of findings in previous studies...

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..However, due to the uncertainty in estimation of true risk, care is needed when using scores to communicate absolute CVD risk to individuals...

..39 (95% confidence interval, 2.49 to 11.67) when compared with matched control subjects. Taken together these results demonstrate a significant familial risk of airflow obstruction in smoking siblings of patients with severe COPD...

..EDEG further recommends that the value of all categorical definitions of non-diabetic hyperglycaemia should be reconsidered...

..To identify and review published interventions aimed at the prevention of weight gain...

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..We suggest that abnormal NEFA suppression plays an important part in the increase in risk of vascular disease associated with insulin resistance...

..We sought to determine the effect of an aerobic exercise intervention on clustered metabolic risk and related outcomes in healthy older adults in a single-centre, explanatory randomised controlled trial...

..To explore the association between measures of insulin resistance with objectively assessed physical activity...

..CONCLUSION: Alcohol intake was associated with lower HbA(1c) level, an association not explained by confounding. The distinction between type of alcohol consumed was particularly important in men...

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..The Actiheart, a combined heart rate (HR) and movement sensor, is designed to assess physical activity in populations...

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..Overweight individuals with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary vascular disease. Weight gain and features of the syndrome may be ameliorated by dietary intervention...

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..This finding has relevance from the perspective of physical performance, but it may also be informative for the targeted prevention of diseases associated with low fitness such as Type 2 diabetes...

..Causal modelling is critically compared to other approaches to intervention development and evaluation, and research directions are indicated...

..In men who stop smoking plasma fibrinogen may remain elevated for several years after cessation...

..Whether obesity is a cause or a consequence of a sedentary lifestyle has not yet been fully elucidated, which leaves uncertainty about the direction of causality...

..Although multisensor systems may be more accurate, this must be balanced against feasibility, a balance that shifts with technological and scientific advances and should be considered at the beginning of every new study...

..It is unclear whether physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) predicts changes in body composition...

..To explore the relationship between self-reported physical functional health and mortality...

..41; DBP, P = 0.51). Our findings suggest that the PPARGC1A Ser482 allele may be associated with higher blood pressure, but this is only apparent in younger adults...

..However, the data support a regulatory role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the process of atherosclerosis...

..87 (95% CI 1.06 to 3.30, P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated CETP levels are associated with an increasing risk of future CAD in apparently healthy individuals, but only in those with high triglyceride levels...

..To investigate the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and self-reported physical and mental functional health measured by an anglicised short-form 36-item questionnaire (UK SF-36)...