A J Thomas

..This review identifies and clarifies recent progress in this rapidly developing research area...

..The authors tested the hypothesis that levels of cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) would be higher in subjects with late-life major depression...

..These observations suggest that high proportions of cortical microvessels are associated with A beta 42, which may affect microvascular function...

..We hypothesized that ageing alone would not fully explain the increased neurocognitive impairment in late-life depression but that differences in the illness explain the greater decrements in memory and executive function...

..We hypothesized that soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) would be increased in late-life major depression...

..In a group of subjects more typical of late-life depression we did not identify any alterations in SERT density...

..the 'vascular depression' hypothesis proposes that vascular disease predisposes to, precipitates or perpetuates depression, and this proposal has stimulated further research into the relationship of depression to vascular disease...

..We hypothesised that different pathologies would be associated with the same MRI appearance of PVH and that such causes would be similar in depressed and control subjects...

..Postmortem tissue was investigated to determine whether late life depression was associated with atheromatous change in large and medium vessels and microvascular disease in the brain...

..These lesions are probably vascular in origin and proposed sites for vascular damage include the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)...

..However, since large vessel and small vessel disease were not associated with WMH, our findings suggest hypotensive disease might be an important and unrecognized mechanism underlying WMH in late-life depression...

..We investigated the neuropathological basis of these lesions in depression, hypothesizing that they would be more frequently ischemic in origin in depressed subjects...

..Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated changes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in major depression...

..The authors investigated this association by determining whether intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a marker of ischemia-induced inflammation, is elevated in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in depression...

..Studies examining vascular risk factors in depression report conflicting evidence but have not assessed orthostatic hypotension, a recently recognized risk factor for white matter hyperintensities...

..To investigate this, we followed the pattern of cognitive impairments over time and examined the effects of current mood, remission status, age of depression onset and antidepressant (AD) treatment on these deficits...

..Neuroimaging and morphometric studies have identified abnormalities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex...

..It has therefore been hypothesized that different morphometric and pathological changes may be associated with MDD, depending on age...

..To investigate whether there are differences in brain connectivity in late-life depression (LLD) and nondepressed subjects using the left and right heads of caudate nuclei (hCN) as the seed regions...

..This study aims to examine morphometrically glial cell and neuronal density and neuronal volume in the orbitofrontal cortex of late-life major depression patients...

..These findings suggest that if serotonergic dysfunction occurs in older depressed subjects, it is not due to neuronal loss in the brainstem. Pathophysiological changes may lie elsewhere, such as in the frontal-subcortical circuits...

..Neuroimaging reports of increases in signal hyperintensities in white and deep gray matter and other work indicate that there might be an inflammatory response in affective disorders...

..Cerebrovascular changes and glucocorticoid mediated hippocampal atrophy are considered relevant for depression-related cognitive deficits, forming putative treatment targets...

..Larger scale, placebo controlled clinical trials are needed to provide an evidence base to guide the clinical use of cholinesterase inhibitors in Lewy body disease...

..There is strong evidence linking vascular disease to WMH, but limited evidence on its association with subcortical volumes...