G D Smith

..9 years. However, as the associations with partner smoking were only a little weaker than those with maternal smoking, confounding by social factors rather than a direct effect of maternal smoking is a possible explanation...

..We have examined the association of the PON1 Q192R polymorphism with CHD in a large cohort of British women and combined the results from our cohort study with those from all other published studies...

..To investigate the association between birth weight of offspring and mortality among fathers and mothers in the west of Scotland...

..The purpose of this study was to assess whether a genetic variant associated with higher fibrinogen levels is associated with increased coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, as a test of the causal influence of fibrinogen on CHD...

..Prostate cancer screening can be justified only in research programmes designed to assess its effectiveness and help identify the groups who may benefit...

..Evidence on long-term trends in physical activity is limited. We report that resting pulse rates--a proxy indicator of physical activity and fitness--increased among young adults attending Glasgow University between 1948 and 1968...

..This study sought to demonstrate life-course influences on cardiovascular disease (CVD)...

..Other epidemiological strategies are briefly reviewed. It is concluded that the naïve acceptance of findings utilizing conventional epidemiological methods in this setting is misplaced...

..To investigate the association between social circumstances in childhood and mortality from various causes of death in adulthood...

..If this mechanism is important, the association of maternal body mass index (BMI) with offspring BMI should be stronger than the association of paternal with offspring BMI...

..Weight loss and increased physical exercise reduce the risk for diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance. Randomized trial evidence on the effect of these interventions on people without impaired glucose tolerance is lacking...

..The only productive way forward is through studies that recognize the contingency of the relations between socioeconomic position, ethnicity, and particular health outcomes...

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..Multivariate analyses revealed that, while there was some attenuation of the effect of social class, angina and elevated BP, the risks from atrial fibrillation and diabetes were increased...

..05; 0.94-1.18). Height-cancer associations were strongest for lung cancer (HR 1.21; 0.96-1.51). This analysis provides limited support for the suggestion that leg length is the component of height underlying height-cancer associations..

..To assess the risk of ischaemic stroke associated with total serum homocyst(e)ine (tHcy) concentration...

..CONCLUSIONS: Higher PI at birth is associated with both higher fat and lean mass in childhood but also with an increase in the FLR. PI at birth is a better predictor of subsequent adiposity than is birth weight...

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..To investigate the association between suicide and area based measures of deprivation and social fragmentation...

..The nature of the relationship between age at menarche and adult life anthropometric measures may be important in understanding the importance of this measure on disease in later life...

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..The relation with stroke events remains unexplained by smoking or social factors...

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..To examine the changes in blood pressure over time in a cohort of young adults attending university between 1948 and 1968...

..Liquid phase genotyping of SNP rs4343 may be preferable to gel based ACE I/D genotyping both for technical and functional reasons...

..CONCLUSION: Associations between offspring birth characteristics and parents' mortality could, at least in part, reflect genetic factors that influence both birth weight and cardiovascular disease risk...

..The absence of an association in women was not explained by menopausal status. The influence of fetal environment on adult TC is small compared with the influence of adult adiposity...

..We set out to estimate the population requirement for primary total hip replacement in England...

..Thus, a broader range of explanatory factors for mortality differentials than currently exists must be considered, and must include consideration of factors operating throughout the lifecourse...

..Prospective assessment of the risk of coronary heart disease associated with total serum homocyst(e)ine (homocysteine) concentration...

..The mechanism for this association is not well understood, however, and this was investigated by examining components of stature, cardiovascular disease risk factors and subsequent coronary heart disease in a prospective study...

..To study the association between reported milk consumption and cardiovascular and all cause mortality...

..Further studies are needed to confirm these findings, particularly in view of the central role CRP has played in cardiovascular disease so far...

..Atopic disease is a major health problem. Mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) confer major susceptibility to eczema and related asthma...

..There was also no evidence to suggest that men or women reporting job dissatisfaction on one occasion or on two occasions several years apart, had a significantly greater risk of mortality from CVD...

..A recent study suggested a link between folate metabolism and atopy, based on a positive association between a common polymorphism of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene and allergic sensitization in Danish adults...

..To analyse trends in rates of genital chlamydial infection and ectopic pregnancy between 1985 and 1995 in a county in Sweden...

..The long-term effects on diet of dietary advice to eat fruit and vegetables or fatty fish are not well described...

..The effect of smoking on stroke subtypes is particularly unclear...

..We conducted a family-based study to explore mechanisms underlying the associations of birth weight and gestational age with systolic blood pressure measured at 17 to 19 years of age...

..We sought to examine the association of gestational weight gain (GWG) and prepregnancy weight with offspring adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors...

..The association between childhood deprivation and early menopause may at least in part be mediated via exposures, such as childhood diet, which affect both linear growth and age at menopause...

..A commitment to redistributive social policies is necessary if the trend of increasing inequality is to be reversed...

..In Latin America, motels rent rooms for commercial and non-commercial sex. We investigated the impact of providing health-education material and condoms on condom use in Managua, Nicaragua...

..We argue that meta-analysis should be performed only within the framework of systematic reviews--that is, reviews prepared using a systematic approach to minimise bias and address the combinability of studies...

..The purpose of this review is to summarize the studies in humans of the relationship between hormone replacement therapy and coronary heart disease and stroke...

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..How do scientists in the field of genetic epidemiology see the problem of publication bias, what are the possible solutions and what particular pressures are they under that might either promote or prevent publication and other biases?..

..0001). In sensitivity analyses taking account of different plausible levels of nonpaternity (up to 15%), the greater maternal effect remained. These findings provide some support for the fetal overnutrition hypothesis...

..We aimed to replicate these findings in a general population sample...

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..36 to 0.87; P=0.4 fully adjusted), providing further evidence that differences in child blood pressure observed in minimally adjusted models are not because of a biological influence of maternal smoking on the intrauterine environment...

..We confirmed the established association of rs1229984 with reduced alcohol consumption over the life-course, contributing new evidence of an effect before and during pregnancy...

..Children who were tasters (75% of sample) were slightly more likely to have been described as fussy eaters than the nontasters, and the supertasters were more likely to be in the lowest height decile at age 10...

..Studies in pregnant women are limited in number, have had inconsistent results, and have not accounted for maternal iron supplementation...

..19 (0.87, 1.64). The lactase persistence variant could contribute to the examination of data for the existence of, and then statistical control for, population substructure in genetic association studies...

..To estimate the prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use among children at age 10 years and to investigate possible influences on this...

..Case-control studies are prone to recall bias, a participant's case-control status influencing their recall of exposure to risk factors. We aimed to demonstrate empirically the scope for this bias...

..We sought to determine whether MTHFR C677T genotype was associated with obesity...

..03 to 0.21, I = 89.8%). In sum, there is little empirical evidence that the maternal exposures reviewed program offspring BP. Other components of offspring health may be more susceptible to effects of programming in utero...

..To examine the association of insulin-like-growth factor 1 (IGF-1) with coronary heart disease (CHD) in women...

..8+ years). There was no evidence that any of the five indicators of childhood growth was more strongly related to cancer risk than the other measures...

..However, few studies of humans have explored this, and it is unclear if intrauterine mechanisms or confounding factors drive these associations...

..Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is the enzyme most closely associated with liver fat content...

..Birth weight has been shown to be positively associated with adult obesity, but relatively few studies have examined the associations with growth in specific periods of early childhood...

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..Our meta-analysis suggests that known common folate-pathway single nucleotide polymorphisms do not have significant effects on susceptibility to prostate cancer...

..Larger studies of this issue are required, together with studies of maternal genotype which could identify whether maternal folate status during pregnancy is important...

..We assessed the association between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and coronary heart disease among postmenopausal women...

..To assess the association between fasting insulin levels and breast cancer...

..The results also show the importance of the interaction between the public and private sectors in the UK...

..Moreover, trials designed to detect overall treatment effects have limited power to detect treatment-subgroup interactions. This article quantifies the error rates associated with subgroup analyses...

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..We investigated associations of having been breastfed with serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in childhood...

..Our estimates suggest that increasing breast-feeding from 50% to 100% would prevent at most 5% of cases of childhood acute leukemia or lymphoma. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc...

..The two different processes operating as a result of the ALDH2 genotype have implications for the interpretation of studies using the Mendelian randomization paradigm...

..Here, we investigate the relation between reported birth weight and atherosclerosis in middle age...

..Parity is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. In the present study, we assessed the associations between number of children and CHD in both women and men...

..We investigated associations between breast-feeding during infancy and adult cancer incidence and mortality in a cohort study and meta-analyses of published studies...

..Homocysteine is associated with stroke, but it is not clear whether this relationship is causal. We examined the association between total serum homocysteine concentration (tHcy) and cerebral infarction in a cohort of Finnish male smokers...

..While the COMT gene is therefore one of the more promising candidate genes for smoking behavior, some inconsistencies have begun to emerge...

..Evidence suggests that environmental factors acting early in life may affect blood pressure in adulthood...

..We present examples of the use of the Mendelian randomization approach and discuss both the limitations and potentials of this strategy...

..03 (95% CI -0.54, 0.48) mm Hg per 15 minutes/d MVPA. In conclusion, higher levels of PA were associated with lower BP, and results suggested that the volume of activity may be more important than the intensity...

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..To the extent that these findings reflect known influences of C677T MTHFR genotype on plasma homocysteine levels, our results suggest that the latter is an important regulator of spinal BMD in childhood...

..We investigated the influence of the childhood growth of the mother or father on the birth weight of their first-born offspring...