Ann Prentice

..In addition, they reflect uncertainties about the relationship between vitamin D status and health outcomes...

..Such an effect might be particularly marked in populations in whom low calcium intake, stunting, and delayed puberty are common...

..MAVIDOS is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (ISRCTN82927713, registered 2008 Apr 11), funded by Arthritis Research UK, MRC, Bupa Foundation and NIHR...

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..The contributions of Dr Widdowson to the early understanding of mineral nutrition are reviewed and the latest scientific findings in this rapidly-expanding field of research are presented...

..Calcium nutrition may influence the health of the pregnant woman, her breast-milk calcium concentration, and the bone mineralization and blood pressure of her infant, but these possibilities require formal testing...

..However, more research is required to define whether a low calcium intake prior to or during pregnancy can have deleterious effects on reproductive and lactational performance, and on the long-term health of the mother and child...

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..Optimisation of nutrition and lifestyle remains an attractive strategy for the reduction of fracture risk, but more research is required to fully define optimal dietary requirements...

..Follow-up studies will determine whether this reflects a change in the tempo of growth or an effect on skeletal size that persists into adulthood...

..To review the evidence on diet and nutrition relating to osteoporosis and provide recommendations for preventing osteoporosis, in particular, osteopototic fracture...

..However, evidence using the biomarkers currently available shows that frank vitamin D deficiency is a major public health problem in many parts of the world that requires urgent attention...

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..There is an urgent need for action to address the global burden of rickets and osteomalacia...

..03 and 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION: Calcium supplementation of pregnant Gambian women had no significant benefit for breast-milk calcium concentrations or infant birth weight, growth, or bone mineral status in the first year of life...

..Whether this is a lasting benefit, leading to the optimization of peak bone mass and a reduction in fracture risk, needs to be determined...

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..Calcium may be mobilized from the maternal skeleton during pregnancy, which may be influenced by several factors...

..Mobilization of maternal bone mineral partly supplies calcium for fetal and neonatal bone growth and development...

..This study revealed few ethnic differences that could account for the disparity in osteoporotic fracture rates between Africans and Caucasians, with the possible exception of anatomical differences in the hip...

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..Current weight was a positive predictor of BMC and aBMD in both sexes. This suggests that pre-natal factors affecting fetal growth may influence adult bone strength independently of post-natal factors...

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..This study provides support for the contention that iron may be involved in FGF23 metabolic pathways...

..Evidence is increasing for positive effects of fruit and vegetable intakes on bone health. However, most of the studies to date were conducted in adults, and few reports included adolescents...

..The present study provides data on the plasma response to oral 25(OH)D2 that will underpin and contribute to the further development of studies to investigate 25(OH)D half-life...

..1 (27.2) %, P=0.02; 49.6 (19.9) %, P=0.01 respectively) but not in Cambridge. This study demonstrates that a superior vitamin K status is associated with the apoE4 genotype in healthy older individuals from China and the UK...

..Contributions of fish and other foods to variance of selenium and mercury status were studied in British adults...

..This may have important implications for disease-risk geographical gradients in the UK...

..CONCLUSION: Older people who smoke cigarettes are at increased risk of suboptimal antioxidant and other micronutrient intakes and status, but the lower intakes found in cigarette smokers only partly explain their reduced blood indices...

..Further studies are needed to determine whether an increased calcium intake has long-term benefits in Gambian children...

..This study provided evidence in support of the calcium deficiency hypothesis leading to urinary phosphate wasting and rickets and identified glomerular filtration rate and iron status as possible modulators of FGF23 metabolic pathways...

..65 years of age per decade (p < 0.00001). There was no evidence for a change in the rate of decline over the two decades studied. These results probably reflect ongoing socio-economic development within the region...

..We postulate that high endogenous PTH concentrations may be beneficial to bone health in Gambian women, removing fatigue damage and improving bone quality...

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..Supplements are needed in the winter, to achieve satisfactory vitamin D status and minimise the risk of rickets and of poor bone health, especially in high-risk groups...

..To investigate plasma osteocalcin gamma-carboxylation and its relationship to plasma phylloquinone concentration and apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotype in women from three ethnic groups with differing osteoporotic fracture risk...

..In vivo studies confirmed the in vitro findings and demonstrated that even when the appropriate scan mode was selected, the BMC, BMD, and T-scores were significantly higher on the Prodigy than MD...

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..We conclude that disease-risk indices, like tHcy and perhaps cysteine, if established during early life, may be modulated by diet and lifestyle, thereby providing an opportunity for public health intervention...

..7, p < 0.01; spine: 3.3%, SE = 1.3, p < 0.03). The similarity of DXA calcaneal changes to spine changes indicates that DXA calcaneal measurements could be a useful alternative tool when it is difficult to monitor BMC at axial sites...

..11); P=0.0003) and Cambridge subjects (coefficient -0.17 (SE 0.07); P=0.02). The present study demonstrates that older individuals in northern China have a better vitamin K status compared with their British counterparts in Cambridge, UK...

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..This experience will contribute to the formulation under PASSCLAIM of a generic tool for assessing the scientific support of health claims on foods...

..Good agreement was obtained, with y=1.06x-0.09, R2=0.99. Validation also included linearity of response, absence of interference and confirmation of vitamin K1 peak purity...

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..To examine the relationships between alcohol consumption and a range of nutrient intakes and blood status indices in older people...

..To examine risk factors for poor iron status in British toddlers...

..To compare vitamin B6 status indices with each other and with potential confounding factors, in the datasets from two national British surveys and associated studies...

..The answers to these questions will help to define the characteristics of nutritional risk for older people in Britain, and to clarify future needs for education and intervention...

..015). These data demonstrate that lactation-associated changes in calcium and bone metabolism are physiological and are independent of dietary calcium supply in women with very low calcium intakes...

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..However, poor nutrition during the neonatal period may result in higher bone formation rates during childhood...

..Since poor vitamin B6 status may have health implications, e.g. for immune function, cognition, and for essential intermediary metabolic pathways in older people, it needs to be investigated as a possible public health problem...

..Mentally impaired older people are frequently excluded from population surveys for practical reasons; thus their nutritional characteristics are poorly delineated...

..The more uniform prediction of PTH by the 1,25VD:25VD ratio may be because this better reflects the extent to which PTH-induced 1,25VD production can be met by VD supply. Further validation is needed...

..To describe the extent of use of medicines by older people living in Britain, and to explore relationships with vitamin status indices...

..To assess bone mineral changes during and after lactation...

..Hg intakes need to be monitored, especially in women of child-bearing age, to ensure that Food Standards Agency guidelines are met...

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..Although the mechanisms underlying these relationships are obscure, the gamma-tocopherol:alpha-tocopherol ratio may reveal poor dietary choices, status predictors and a propensity for obesity in later life, especially in women...

..To characterize nutritional differences between survey participants diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes; those without diabetes, and those with "undiagnosed diabetes" based on glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c))...

..To evaluate the diet of 16-18-y-old boys and girls with particular reference to intakes of nutrients believed to affect bone health and dietary acid-base balance...

..The short HAL and NL of the population, however, could be an independent factor contributing to the low incidence of hip fracture...

..The possibility of concurrent low fat-soluble vitamin status in elderly populations may be a cause for concern...

..To examine zinc and vitamin A intake and status and associated dietary, socio-demographic, lifestyle and physiological factors in British young people...

..2 (0.08), P = 0.02]. These data suggest that although PTH increases when 25OH-D decreases, and Chinese people have a higher PTH for a given 25OH-D, older Chinese adults may be more resistant than Britons to the effects of PTH on bone...

..To examine the prevalence and dietary, sociodemographic and lifestyle risk factors of low iron intake and poor iron status in British young people...

..In people living in institutions such as nursing homes, who are less likely to be exposed to sunlight throughout the year, plasma 25OHD levels were lower throughout the year...

..Assessment of selenium status to provide normative reference values, and investigation of associated socio-demographic factors, in a national sample of British young people aged 4-18 y...

..Assessment of functional vitamin B(12) status in a subset of the respondents in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 y and over...

..Dietary supplements contributed less than 0.5 % of phylloquinone intake. Participants living in northern England or in Scotland, in particular, derived less phylloquinone from vegetables than those living in southern England...

..001). This finding suggests that the marked bone mineral changes observed in breast-feeding mothers represented a physiologic response to lactation that was independent of dietary calcium supply...

..Genes whose expression is controlled by these pathways are likely to be involved in the mechanism by which steroids render the endometrium receptive to the implanting embryo...

..The pronounced low bone mineral status in older women may be associated with increased bone turnover, which was not observed in older men...

..These findings indicate that participation of male adolescents in a range of high-impact activities for 1 h or more a day is associated with greater bone size and mineral content, especially at the hip...

..We hypothesized that COX-2 inhibition would reduce the size and number of ectopic human endometrial lesions in a nude mouse model of endometriosis...

..To our knowledge, this study reports the first cases of HHRH in Africa and describes a novel causal mutation within the SLC34A3 gene...

..All comparisons with conventional methods showed excellent correlations (r(2) = 0.9738) for DEQAS samples, demonstrating the high degree of comparability of the new UHPLC-MS/MS technique to existing methods...

..Significant differences remained after adjusting for age, height, and weight. In conclusion, shape-sensitive software enhanced the characterization of tibiae in 2 contrasting groups of women...

..Until more studies have been conducted, a precautionary case can be made for targeted supplementation of pregnant women who have very low intakes of calcium or who are at risk of vitamin D deficiency...

..Whole-blood glutathione peroxidase generally did not share these relationships, was only very weakly correlated with plasma Se, and appeared to be less useful as a status indicator in this population group...

..abstract:..

..Other lifestyle factors were also discussed, particularly the effect of physical activity and possible gene-nutrient interactions affecting bone health...

..20) after adjusting for height, weight, and bone area (P=0.028). CONCLUSION: Reduced breast-milk calcium concentration may contribute to a reduced calcium intake in infancy and predispose children to nutritional rickets...

..The symposium hosted by FENS provided a forum to exchange views and to consider the steps that will be needed if harmonization is to be realized in the future. A summary of the presentations and conclusions is presented here...

..The major research gap identified was the need to investigate vitamin D status to define deficiency, insufficiency and depletion across age and ethnic groups in relation to bone health...