Andy R Ness

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..These approaches to confounding often require the comparison of data from different populations or a combination of studies to ensure adequate power to provide robust estimates of the causal effect...

..Recent analyses have identified important modifiable risk factors and further analyses based on more accurate measures of diet, activity and body composition should provide further insights...

..Previous studies have been unable to characterise the association between physical activity and obesity, possibly because most relied on inaccurate measures of physical activity and obesity...

..9 years. However, as the associations with partner smoking were only a little weaker than those with maternal smoking, confounding by social factors rather than a direct effect of maternal smoking is a possible explanation...

..03 (95% CI -0.54, 0.48) mm Hg per 15 minutes/d MVPA. In conclusion, higher levels of PA were associated with lower BP, and results suggested that the volume of activity may be more important than the intensity...

..Our data show that inequalities in adiposity are present in primary school children and suggest that social inequalities in childhood obesity may have been underestimated in previous studies...

..Socioeconomic inequalities in obesity are consistently observed in high-income countries. The development of such inequalities across childhood; however, has not been studied using longitudinal data...

..Studies in pregnant women are limited in number, have had inconsistent results, and have not accounted for maternal iron supplementation...

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..03 to 0.21, I = 89.8%). In sum, there is little empirical evidence that the maternal exposures reviewed program offspring BP. Other components of offspring health may be more susceptible to effects of programming in utero...

..CONCLUSIONS: Higher PI at birth is associated with both higher fat and lean mass in childhood but also with an increase in the FLR. PI at birth is a better predictor of subsequent adiposity than is birth weight...

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..9 +/- 0.3 (SD) yr is affected by trauma level. Bone size relative to body size and humeral vBMD showed similar inverse relationships with fracture risk, irrespective of whether fractures followed slight or moderate/severe trauma...

..36 to 0.87; P=0.4 fully adjusted), providing further evidence that differences in child blood pressure observed in minimally adjusted models are not because of a biological influence of maternal smoking on the intrauterine environment...

..Few prospective dietary studies have explored this relation...

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..Adding the present result to a meta-analysis of previous relevant randomised controlled trial results confirmed an overall negligible benefit of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation for depressed mood...

..A total of 6213 children 9.9 years of age were followed for 24 months. Results showed an 89% increased risk of fracture per SD decrease in size-adjusted BMC...

..Physical activity was positively related to both BMD and bone size in fully adjusted models. However, further exploration revealed that this effect on bone size was modified by fat mass...

..To measure the levels and patterns of physical activity, using accelerometers, of 11-year-old children participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)...

..As age at menarche is a heritable trait, we hypothesised that age at menarche in the mother may in turn predict her children's early growth and obesity risk...

..To review systematically the evidence for an effect of long chain and shorter chain omega 3 fatty acids on total mortality, cardiovascular events, and cancer...

..73 [95% CI 0.53, 0.99]). We found no conclusive evidence of benefit for folic acid supplementation in pregnant women given from time of booking onwards...