A M McIntosh

..Investigation of sub-groups within these cohorts (e.g. age groups within or beyond the maximum age of risk) is recommended in order to identify deficits specific to the disease process...

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..The CaliBrain project was designed to provide for an assessment of scanner differences at three centres in Scotland, and to assess the practicality of pooling scans from multiple-centres...

..Our aim was to address these issues in a sample of young people receiving additional learning support...

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..The authors sought to determine whether there are differences in language-associated prefrontal activation that discriminate bipolar disorder and schizophrenia...

..This study sought to clarify the role of obstetric complications (OCs) and maternal recall bias for patients with first episodes of schizophrenia and those at increased risk of the disorder...

..This finding is discussed in the context of NRG1 effects on neuronal migration, axon guidance and myelination...

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..We sought to address whether dorsal or ventral prefrontal gyrification is abnormal in bipolar disorder and to determine its diagnostic specificity and cognitive associations...

..Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness characterised by delusions and hallucinations. Antipsychotic drugs does reduce these symptoms, but at least half of people given these drugs do not comply with the treatment regimen prescribed...

..Neuropsychological abnormalities in schizophrenia are well replicated and are present in unaffected relatives. Cognitive findings in bipolar disorder are less clearly established...

..This study sought to examine these issues and clarify the associations of phenotypic expression and genetic liability...

..This study sought to assess white matter density in patients and relatives with histories of bipolar disorder and/or schizophrenia...

..In the Edinburgh High Risk Study, we have followed up 162 individuals at high genetic risk of schizophrenia and 36 healthy control subjects over 10 years...

..Genes for bipolar illness might have subtle effects on brain structure, which may need particularly large samples to detect...

..We also found reduced FA in the ALIC of both patients and subjects at high risk of schizophrenia when compared to controls. This may be a possible indicator of the higher vulnerability of relatives to develop the disorder...

..However, no previous studies have compared hippocampal activation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder directly...

..Deficits in reversal learning (RL) have also been shown in schizophrenia but not in bipolar disorder. This study sought to assess the specificity of these findings in a direct comparison of clinically stable patients with each disorder...

..e. state effects)...

..We also investigated the association of the cingulate sulcus (CS) and paracingulate sulcus (PCS) variants with intelligence quotient (IQ)...

..Abnormalities of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) sulcogyral patterns have been reported in schizophrenia, but it is not known if these predate psychosis...

..We have investigated healthy control participants to see whether there is a common neural system activated during such social decisions, on the basis that deficits in this system may contribute to the impairments seen in these disorders...

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..We conclude that substantial work needs to be done on standardising connectivity analyses across laboratories and that disconnectivity studies should be an integral part of drug discovery programmes...

..The present study examined longitudinal trends in prefrontal gyrification index (GI) in bipolar disorder and the effect of BDNF genotype...

..We provide examples of how these advances in our knowledge could lead to the development of new treatments for psychosis...

..We sought to address these uncertainties in a prospective cohort study of people with bipolar I disorder...

..These findings are discussed in the context of the current literature, along with possible future research directions...

..The findings suggest that this novel polygenic approach to examine brain-imaging data may be a useful means of identifying genetically mediated traits mechanistically linked to the aetiology of BD...

..The current study sought to investigate the neural correlates of depression in these subjects. We hypothesised abnormal activation of dorsolateral prefrontal regions in those at high risk with depression...

..Preliminary evidence in healthy control subjects has implicated genetic variation in the DAOA gene in the modulation of hippocampal complex and prefrontal cortex activation...

..These results suggest complex and changing patterns of structural-functional relationships in those subjects at high-risk of schizophrenia...

..The observed ToM deficits measured by this battery of ToM tasks appeared to be related to state effects rather than enhanced risk of schizophrenia...

..We also investigate associations between activation levels and symptom severity across the disorders...

..This study is the first time relatives of individuals with schizophrenia have been imaged using a ToM paradigm, and the results provide evidence of both a state and state-mediated trait effect...

..BDNF may therefore be one of the heritable factors involved in the development of abnormal prefrontal function in schizophrenia. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc...

..Recent theories have suggested that the inappropriate activation of limbic motivational systems in response to neutral stimuli may underlie the development of delusions in schizophrenia...

..Here, we focus on the growing literature relating genetic variation in the DISC1 pathway to functional and structural studies of the brain in humans and in the mouse...

..Together, these effects show significant differences in the neural substrate for fear processing with genetic variation in BDNF...

..We show that this variant is associated with (i) decreased activation of frontal and temporal lobe regions, (ii) increased development of psychotic symptoms and (iii) decreased premorbid IQ...

..Systematic studies are needed to evaluate which of a range of plausible approaches to the classification of psychosis is most useful before change could be justified...

..We investigated whether the apparent decrease in amygdala activation in schizophrenia could actually derive from increased amygdala activation to the neutral comparator stimuli...

..Overall, the literature supports the view that there are measurable changes in brain structure and function during the genesis of the disorder, which provide opportunities for early detection and intervention...

..Structural brain abnormalities have been described in autism but studies are often small and contradictory. We aimed to identify which brain regions can reliably be regarded as different in autism compared to healthy controls...

..Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies suggest altered connectivity in both disorders. We aim to address the diagnostic specificity of white matter abnormalities in these disorders...

..Mild to moderate intellectual disability affects 2.5% of the general population and is associated with an increased risk of several psychiatric disorders. Most cases are of unknown aetiology although genetic factors have an important role...

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..We examined the presence and location of ventral prefrontal abnormalities in a large sample of individuals with bipolar disorder and their relationship to gender, psychotic symptoms, and age...

..We illustrate how genetic variation in genes from these classes can contribute to the development of psychosis using data from the Edinburgh High Risk Study of schizophrenia...

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..These findings may provide a better understanding of the neural effects of DISC1 variants and on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder...

..Compared to the other neuropsychological tests used, the BDII appears to be a more sensitive tool for the detection of subtle impairments in visual information processing related to chronic cannabis use...

..Addressing cannabis use, particularly in vulnerable populations, is likely to have beneficial effects on psychiatric morbidity...

..There were, however, no clear differences across subdomains or between particular working memory tasks. There was substantial heterogeneity across results that could only be partly explained...

..Previous positive studies could not be replicated with these parameters. TMS is safe if applied within the protocol used...

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