John C Mathers

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..This review considers possible molecular mechanisms through which such factors could modulate repair...

..We assessed the effect of resistant starch on the incidence of colorectal cancer...

..In this study, we have determined the frequency of methylation of the MYOD-1 gene in normal colonic mucosa and investigated to see if this is associated with established colorectal cancer risk factors primarily ageing...

..Pulses contain a rich variety of compounds which, if consumed in sufficient quantities, may help to reduce tumour risk...

..Biopsies of macroscopically-normal rectal mucosa are also being collected for assay of putative biomarkers of CRC risk...

..However, in the absence of a robust body of evidence on which dietary strategies will benefit which individuals, soundly based genetically-targeted nutrition advice to the public on cancer prevention is a little way in the future...

..Emerging biological science using epigenomics, proteomics, and other molecular technologies appears to offer novel approaches to the discovery and validation of surrogate endpoints...

..This is likely to form a significant component of the emerging science of nutrigenomics...

..This may include copy number variants in addition to the more widely studied polymorphisms. Future research on trace element bioavailability should encompass studies of epigenetic variants, including the role of non-coding (micro) RNA...

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..We conclude that reducing the rate of carbohydrate digestion in the small bowel may be the key stage at which to intervene to reduce insulinaemia and so prevent downregulation of insulin receptors and insulin resistance...

..Differences in epigenetic markings may explain some inter-individual variation in disease risk and in response to nutritional interventions...

..Targeting initial intervention studies in those with explicit genetic predisposition to cancer may have both greater cost-effectiveness and fewer ethical difficulties than do similar studies in the general public...

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..Ethical exploitation of the rapid growth in interest in 'functional foods' by the food industry will require a level of investment in biomedical research unusual in the past...

..037) between the three genotypes for the Val16Ala single nucleotide polymorphism in manganese superoxide dismutase (rs4880) with individuals homozygous/wild type showing less damage than those carrying the alanine variant...

..Selenium is present as selenocysteine in selenoproteins such as the glutathione peroxidases (GPx). Selenocysteine incorporation requires specific structures in the 3'untranslated region (3'UTR) of selenoprotein mRNAs...

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..In addition, gestational length appears to be an important determinant of infant DNA methylation patterns...

..These data confirm that starches characterized as predominantly rapidly digestible versus slowly digestible by the Englyst procedure provoke distinctly different patterns of metabolism postprandially...

..Given the increased requirement for folate during pregnancy, mothers may be susceptible to aberrant DNA methylation due to folate depletion...

..Additionally this paper explores factors associated with change in food intake...

..This paper shows a relationship between perceptions of eating patterns and socio-economic status, adiposity and measured food intake...

..An elevated proportion of the 60-kDa isoform of SePP may increase selenoprotein synthesis and reduce colorectal cancer risk...

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..We reported low folate supply in utero was associated with reduced global DNA methylation in the murine small intestine of adult offspring. We hypothesised that aberrant methylation would be observed during early development...

..In conclusion, the data reveal two common functional SNPs within the human SePP gene that may predict behavior of biomarkers of Se status and response to supplementation and thus susceptibility to disease...

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..These data provide little evidence for any selective constraints on the occurrence and expansion of mtDNA mutations in somatic cells of the human colon during human ageing in contrast to germline mutations seen in the general population...

..Resistant starch has been associated with an antineoplastic effect on the colon...

..While there was no detectable effect of micronutrient supplementation on NER capacity, there was evidence that the effect of fruit intake on the NER capacity may be modulated by the ERCC2 Lys751Gnl single nucleotide polymorphism...

..Finally we discuss the possible mechanisms by which multiple respiratory chain complex defects may occur in these cells...

..655G>A; p.I219V) and rs1800734 (c.-93 G>A) that are independently associated with expression. These influences are, however, small compared to the differences associated with pathological variants...

..This clinical trial is the largest ever conducted in the setting of FAP and found a trend of reduced polyp load (number and size) with 600 mg of aspirin daily. RS had no clinical effect on adenomas...

..These findings provide the basis for elucidating how regulation of a network of genes through this novel mechanism contributes to zinc homeostasis and how the cell orchestrates this response...

..Links between diet in childhood and the prevention of disease in adulthood have been established. This longitudinal dietary survey provided quantitative evidence of dietary change from adolescence to adulthood, in Northumberland, England...

..Differential expression of key cell cycle regulatory genes may explain some of the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects...

..Adding geographical elements to a dietary study adds an interesting dimension in exploring the change in eating and BMI from adolescence to adulthood...

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..The number of overweight and obese children increased from 11 % to 30 % between 1980 and 2000. Positive changes have occurred in the Northumbrian adolescent diet but social inequalities, reported in previous surveys, remain...

..There is a need for further theory-based research on which to develop more effective strategies to enable individuals to adopt healthier lifestyles...

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..To test the hypothesis that adolescent body mass index (BMI) tracks into adulthood and can be used as a predictor of obesity and/or central adiposity in adulthood...

..001) and tumour burden (P = 0.001). More studies of the effects of sleep and of colonic butyrate in mediating the effects of physical activity on intestinal tumourigenesis are warranted...

..We assess the procedures and practicalities involved in each of these three assays and discuss the results obtained by investigation of mutation loads in colonic mucosal biopsies from ten human subjects...

..The hypothesis that Long Interspersed Nucleotide Element 1 (LINE-1) DNA methylation (an index of global DNA methylation) is associated with biomarkers of metabolic health was investigated in this study...

..In the Newcastle arm of this study (EDIPS-Newcastle), we tested the hypothesis that T2D can be prevented by lifestyle intervention and explored secondary outcomes in relation to diabetes incidence...

..Noncausal methylation patterns may still be useful predictors of later adiposity...

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..The localization, regulatory properties, and function of hZTL1 indicate a role in regulating the absorption of dietary zinc across the apical enterocyte membrane...

..This study reports dietary sugars consumption in 2000 and compares it with data collected in 1980 and 1990, using identical methods...

..Few studies exist on alteration in DNA methylation profiles (genomic and gene specific methylation) in patients with Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and no studies exist that assess its relationship with lifestyle exposures...

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..9 %), 'soft drinks' (13.1 %) and 'table sugar' (11.1 %) made the greatest contributions to intakes of NMES. Interventions to reduce NMES intake should focus on limiting quantity and frequency of intake of these food groups...

..Tools are available to assist subjects in providing an estimate of portion size and these include food photographs. The application of these tools in improving portion size estimation by children has not been investigated systematically...

..05) carbohydrate oxidation rate obtained by indirect calorimetry. The present study suggests that during the ingestion of a starchy meal, females exhibit higher glucose flux and greater whole-body insulin sensitivity than males...

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..To examine the impact of two diets differing in fat content and of wheel-running exercise on body mass...

..This paper describes a comparison of two different methods of dietary assessment within the Newcastle 85+ Study; a UK cohort study of health and ageing in the oldest old...

..However, it remains possible that any increased risk is restricted to carriers of germline mutations in APC...

..001). Plasma fatty acid concentrations showed a late postprandial rise with the sucrose-rich diet relative to the starch-rich diet, which was mirrored with a fractionally later peak in triacylglycerol concentrations...

..This review describes the relationship between folic acid and DNA methylation, and the association between DNA methylation during in utero development and aging...

..5-2 mM) may have more potent anti-neoplastic effects in CRC cell lines deficient in MMR, but mechanisms for such a differential response remain to be established...

..e., F concentration of individual waters); T(max), time of c(max)...

..Effective chemopreventative agents will include dietary components that enhance the immune system's ability to identify transformed cells and to target them for apoptosis...

..The present study indicates that loss of the colon is associated with several characteristics of the insulin resistance syndrome, and favours a view that the colon has a role in the control of postprandial glucose...

..To evaluate the efficacy of interventions to promote a healthy diet and physical activity in people with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)...

..These changes have implications for estimating fluoride intake in fluoridated areas...

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..Before practical application in assessment of dietary intake of children the tool would need to be expanded to cover a wider range of foods and to be validated in a 'real-life' situation...

..Nutrition knowledge enables informed dietary choices. This paper reports on the nutrition knowledge of older adults residing in sheltered housing accommodation in socially deprived areas of north-east England...

..A central metabolic syndrome (CMS) has been identified comprising obesity, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. This study was designed to investigate determinants of risk for CMS...

..65 dm(2) kg(-1) for the infants under 1 year, 0.81 dm(2) kg(-1) for the 1-4-year-olds, and 0.66 dm(2) kg(-1) for the 4-6-year-olds. All 297 children had intakes that exceeded 0.1 dm(2) of packaging per kg of body weight assumption...

..Such interactions are likely to have a mechanistic impact on CRC carcinogenesis through the methylation pathway but also, may offer possible therapeutic potential as nutraceuticals...

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..Under these conditions many children were able to estimate food portion size utilising perception, conceptualisation and memory skills...

..Data from the hydrolysis of novel starch products in vitro, therefore, are useful in predicting glycaemic responses in vivo...

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..To evaluate the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in people with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)...

..This premise is being investigated by analysis of additional samples from a human adult cohort to test the hypothesis that methylation of the SLC30A5 promoter region contributes to the age-related decline in Zn status...

..We report pooled analyses of data from three European trial cohorts: to analyse T2D incidence, sustained weight loss and utility of risk predictors...

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..The resulting smaller effects on body weight and body fatness may limit changes in intestinal neoplasia in Apc(Min) mice...

..As future data accrues on health outcomes within the cohort, it will become possible also to evaluate the predictive value of these and others of the candidate biomarkers...

..Studies of altered epigenetic marking will be of profound importance for mechanistic understanding of the role of nutrition in health but especially for studies of the developmental origins of health...

..Demographic and key factors were associated with degree of change in intake. The complex process of change in food consumption can be linked with an individual's attributions for change...

..In conclusion, apart from the increased faecal loss of starch, there was no evidence of adverse effects of acarbose on the aspects of large-bowel function investigated...

..As this low level of epsps in the intestinal microflora did not increase after consumption of the meal containing GM soya, we conclude that gene transfer did not occur during the feeding experiment...

..These observations demonstrate that early life folate depletion affects epigenetic markings, that this effect is not modulated by post-weaning folate supply and that altered epigenetic marks persist into adulthood...

..CONCLUSIONS: These observations indicate that, in response to variations in dietary zinc intakes, regulated expression of plasma membrane zinc transporters in the human intestine contributes to maintenance of zinc status...

..More carefully controlled studies in humans are needed to provide evidence on which to base public health policies with respect to dietary carbohydrates and SI...

..We show for the first time in aging human tissue that RC deficiency attenuates cell proliferation and increases apoptosis in the progeny of RC deficient stem cells, leading to decreased crypt cell population...

..To our knowledge, this is the first report that zinc affects the stability of a transcript with a direct role in cellular zinc homeostasis...

..4) % and 2 (sem 1.8) % of the naked soya DNA remaining in the presence and absence of the phenolic acid, respectively. These data indicate that some transgenes in GM foods may survive passage through the small intestine...

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