R M Martin

..Measures of regional adiposity have been proposed as alternatives to the measurement of body mass index (BMI) for identifying persons at risk of future disease...

..Evidence that longer-term and exclusive breastfeeding reduces child obesity risk is based on observational studies that are prone to confounding...

..We describe the development of an enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) for quantifying insulin from dried blood spots and demonstrate its application in a large trial...

..While it is possible to address and correct for some measurement error through statistical analysis, proactive data monitoring is essential to ensure high-quality data collection...

..The metabolic syndrome has been suggested as a unifying link between a "western" lifestyle and an increased prostate cancer risk...

..To document the impact on clinical practice in England of media attention around possible adverse effects of paroxetine...

..One metabolic pathway through which adiposity influences disease risk may be via alterations in insulin and IGF metabolism...

..Current evidence on monitoring protocols and biomarkers used to predict disease progression was systematically reviewed...

..We investigated associations of diet in childhood, in particular energy intake, with the IGF system in adulthood to determine if IGF-I - disease associations could be linked to early nutrition...

..To assess the association of having been breast fed with social class mobility between childhood and adulthood...

..We investigated whether the subsequent 50% fall in HRT use in England impacted on population rates of these outcomes...

..Some studies suggest that raised blood pressure may increase prostate cancer risk. We investigated associations of blood pressure with prostate cancer within the CONOR collaborative cohorts of Norway...

..Whether this association relates to alterations in plaque growth or stability, and the role of IGF-II and the major binding proteins [IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-2 and -3], is unclear...

..In this study, the association between gastrointestinal tract infection in infancy, a clinically relevant exposure often accompanied by dehydration, and raised blood pressure in childhood was investigated...

..The mechanistic basis for a programming effect of breastfeeding on adult cholesterol levels remains to be established in humans...

..We investigated associations between breast-feeding during infancy and adult cancer incidence and mortality in a cohort study and meta-analyses of published studies...

..Our estimates suggest that increasing breast-feeding from 50% to 100% would prevent at most 5% of cases of childhood acute leukemia or lymphoma. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc...

..To investigate the association of breastfeeding with all-cause, cardiovascular, and ischaemic heart disease mortality...

..This paper presents age- and gender-specific asthma death rates in patients prescribed the long-acting beta2-agonists salmeterol and bambuterol...

..Breast-feeding in infancy has been associated with decreased coronary heart disease mortality, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We investigated the association of breast-feeding with blood pressure in a contemporary cohort...

..We investigated the influence of the childhood growth of the mother or father on the birth weight of their first-born offspring...

..To estimate the need for coronary revascularisation, by using an incidence of indications approach, among 45-84 year olds with stable angina, unstable angina, and acute myocardial infarction...

..To investigate the association of breast feeding with height and body mass index in childhood and adulthood...

..Evidence suggests that environmental factors acting early in life may affect blood pressure in adulthood...

..Understanding the mechanism underlying this association may provide insights into pathways linking early life exposures with health in adulthood...

..To investigate the association of having been breast fed with cardiovascular disease risk factors, incidence, and mortality...

..We investigated associations of having been breastfed with serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in childhood...

..To estimate the rates of common adverse events in patients treated with the proton pump inhibitors omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole in general practice in England...

..The impact of breastfeeding in infancy on cardiovascular disease risk is uncertain. We related breastfeeding in infancy to atherosclerosis in adulthood...

..Associations with other aspects of skeletal size in childhood have not previously been investigated...

..However, there is little evidence of the changes in PSA level that should alert to the need for clinical re-assessment...

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..3% (10/442). The CAP and ProtecT trials (ISRCTN92187251 and ISRCTN20141217) will help resolve the prostate cancer screening debate, define the optimum treatment for localised disease and generate evidence to improve men's health...

..84; 95% confidence interval, 0.71-1.00; P(unadjusted) = 0.050; P(adjusted) = 0.014). Our finding provides some support for the hypothesis that low levels of vitamin D may increase the risk of prostate cancer progression...

..We investigated haemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)), a marker of glycaemia measured in non-fasting blood, as an alternative...

..This study investigated the risk of cancer in children with alert symptoms identified in current UK guidance, or with increased consultation frequency in primary care...

..20). A meta-analysis of three studies also found little evidence that rs20417 alters risk (pooled OR(CC & GC v GG)=1.04, 95% CI=0.93-1.17), making it unlikely that rs20417 contributes in any major way to prostate cancer aetiology...

..We conclude by arguing that many of the current problems could be avoided by returning PIAG's responsibilities to research ethics committees, and by allowing "opt-out" consent for many public health research projects...

..Conversely, among men with raised prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, a negative association might be expected if sexual dysfunction was symptomatic of benign, rather than malignant, prostatic disease...

..The findings warrant further investigation because of their implications for vitamin D chemoprevention trials...

..To investigate impacts of withdrawal and regulatory advice regarding cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors on UK population rates of gastrointestinal haemorrhage and acute myocardial infarction (MI)...

..This variant has previously been associated with improved locomotor performance in old age, but the finding requires independent replication...

..Our meta-analysis suggests that known common folate-pathway single nucleotide polymorphisms do not have significant effects on susceptibility to prostate cancer...

..Disturbed folate metabolism is associated with an increased risk of some cancers. Our objective was to determine whether blood levels of folate, vitamin B(12), and related metabolites were associated with prostate cancer risk...

..Adiposity is positively associated with advanced, metastatic, and fatal prostate cancer. Obesity-related variations in insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and -II) and their binding proteins (IGFBPs) could underlie these associations...

..To investigate trends in mortality rates due to both myocardial infarction and gastrointestinal haemorrhage before and after rofecoxib withdrawal and the release of regulatory guidance regarding the use of other COX-2 inhibitors...

..We investigated whether these and other elements of folate metabolism were associated with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) velocity (PSAV) as a proxy measure of prostate cancer progression in men with localized prostate cancer...

..We systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed literature examining associations of vitamin D (dietary intake, circulating 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D (25(OH)D), and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin-D (1,25(OH)(2)D) concentrations) with prostate cancer...

..Antidepressant prescribing to young people in various countries declined, but subsequent analyses have demonstrated mixed effects on population suicide rates...

..To determine associations of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and screen-detected localized and advanced prostate cancer...

..To investigate the population impact on the incidence of suicide and non-fatal self harm of regulatory action in 2003 to restrict the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in under 18s...

..Our aim was to study trends over time in prostate-cancer mortality and incidence in the USA and UK in 1975-2004, and compare these patterns with trends in screening and treatment...

..Associations between IGFBP-3 and prostate cancer were inconsistent, and there was little evidence for a role of IGF-II, IGFBP-1 or IGFBP-2 in prostate cancer risk...

..Thus, screening for early cancers on the basis of LUTS may not be justified...

..44) and lower compared with hydromorphone (-0.36; 95% CI, -0.71 to 0.00), although these effect sizes were small. The efficacy and tolerability of oxycodone are similar to morphine, supporting its use as an opioid for cancer-related pain...

..Taller individuals with longer legs have a higher risk of cancer but a lower risk of coronary heart disease...

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..8+ years). There was no evidence that any of the five indicators of childhood growth was more strongly related to cancer risk than the other measures...

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..Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurements are increasingly used to monitor men with localised prostate cancer (PCa), but there is little consensus about the method to use...

..It is unclear whether early life body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) is associated with adult cardiovascular disease...

..To determine whether varenicline, a recently licensed smoking cessation product, is associated with an increased risk of suicide and suicidal behaviour compared with alternative treatments bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy...

..Current evidence about the impact and natural history of prostate cancer, screening and diagnostic tests, and the effectiveness of treatments is reviewed below...

..To determine, within the UK, the stage and grade of prostate cancers that would be found through population-based prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing and biopsy...

..lipophobic) or potency. Trial results were generally consistent with observational studies. We conclude that statin use is not associated with short-term cancer risk, but longer-latency effects remain possible...

..32, 0.69-2.53) cancers. There is little epidemiological support for the immune surveillance theory or antigenic stimulation theory in breast or colorectal carcinogenesis. The findings for prostate cancer warrant further investigation...

..Little and inconsistent support was found for associations of prolonged waiting with markers of capacity, independent sector activity, or need in the surgical specialties examined...

..To examine whether the association of inadequate or unclear allocation concealment and lack of blinding with biased estimates of intervention effects varies with the nature of the intervention or outcome...

..To examine the influence of initial infant feeding on obesity in later life...

..We conclude that childhood BMI is related to increased risk of cancer in later life, particularly smoking-related cancers...

..Evidence from observational studies has suggested that breastfeeding may reduce the prevalence of obesity in later life...

..Earlier studies have suggested that infant feeding may program long-term changes in cholesterol metabolism...

..Evidence for a link between cancer risk and dairy consumption in adulthood is increasing, but associations with childhood dairy consumption have not been studied adequately...

..Observational evidence suggests that having been breastfed in infancy may reduce the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in later life...

..Previous studies reported inconsistent associations between breastfeeding and body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2). Associations with body fatness are unknown...

..The evidence that breastfeeding protects against obesity and a variety of chronic diseases comes almost entirely from observational studies, which have a potential for bias due to confounding, selection bias, and selective publication...

..Accumulation of oxidative DNA damage with age will occur if there is an increase in reactive oxygen species in the body, or a decline in antioxidant defences, or a reduced efficiency of DNA repair...