M G Marmot

..Moderate levels of warmth, low levels of strictness, and high parental expectation are associated with high adult achievement...

..Action is needed--on the social determinants of health, across the life course, and in wider social and economic spheres--to achieve greater health equity and protect future generations...

..We tested the hypothesis that provision of Public capital compensated for low levels of Human capital...

..This study describes differences in trajectories of self-reported mental health in an ageing cohort, according to their housing, while controlling for confounders...

..This paper describes the methods of dietary assessment and presents preliminary findings on food and nutrient intakes in large general population samples in Russia, Poland and the Czech Republic...

..The main hypotheses of the HAPIEE study relate to the role of alcohol, nutrition and psychosocial factors...

..We determined the degree to which metabolic syndrome components, inflammation and health behaviours account for the social gradient in CHD...

..However, if alcohol intake were to increase in the population the social and medical consequences would be large. An increased intake is therefore not recommended as a community measure for CHD prevention...

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..To understand causality and generate policies to improve health, we must consider the relationship between social environment and health and especially the importance of early life experiences...

..Health is dependent on conditions that enable people to live lives they would choose to live...

..A major thrust of the Commission is turning public-health knowledge into political action...

..Along with other readers of this journal, we spend a good part of our working lives gathering, analysing and interpreting empirical evidence. Evidence matters. But everyone has values and they do affect our positions...

..The present study sought to assess whether C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 predict cognitive symptoms of depression or whether these symptoms predict inflammatory markers...

..Whether cognitive function predicts physical function and whether physical function predicts cognitive function were assessed in middle-aged men and women...

..We examined whether cognitive performance predicted mental and physical health from midlife to early old age...

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..Apart from a minor role for social support at work in both sexes and a modest role for job demands in women, adverse changes in these factors explain little of the job insecurity-health relationship...

..High sickness absence is associated with poor health status, but it is not known whether low levels of sickness absence among people with poor health predict future health improvement...

..We investigated whether exposure to passive jobs, measured three times over an average of 5 years, is associated with leisure-time physical activity (LTPA)...

..We tested associations between high-strain and active jobs and cognitive function in middle-aged men and women...

..This study examined changes in the health status of civil servants whose employment security was threatened...

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..The Whitehall II study provides an opportunity to examine the predictors of early retirement in one of the largest employers in the United Kingdom...

..To compare self-reported sickness absence days in the last 12 months with recorded absences from the employers' registers for the same period...

..CONCLUSION: This study shows that unfair treatment by supervisors increases risk of poor mental health. It appears that the employers' duty to ensure that employees are treated fairly at work also has benefits for health...

..The cardioprotective properties of moderate alcohol consumption, compared with abstinence or heavy drinking, are widely reported, but whether the benefits are experienced equally by all moderate drinkers is less well known...

..The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity is a major public health concern in many developed countries...

..The objective of this study was to investigate morbidity and cardiovascular risk factor trends in white collar British civil servants...

..The impact of work on the risk of future psychiatric disorder has been examined in few longitudinal studies. This was examined prospectively in a large epidemiological study of civil servants...

..This study assessed cumulative incidence of chest pain in South Asians and Whites, and prognosis of chest pain...

..To compare socioeconomic differences in behavioural and biological risk factors in Japanese and English 39-59-year-old employed men...

..Our aim is to assess whether these associations are (i) explained by other measures of socioeconomic status, and (ii) mediated by psychosocial, behavioural and biological factors...

..We examined whether the social gradient for measures of morbidity is comparable in English and French public employees and investigated risk factors that may explain this gradient...

..We examine reversibility and the power of psychosocial and behavioral factors to explain the neuroendocrine adaptations that accompany MS...

..We assessed this issue in an occupational cohort study comparing low with high socioeconomic groups...

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..CONCLUSIONS: The physical environment of office buildings appears to be less important than features of the psychosocial work environment in explaining differences in the prevalence of symptoms...

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..Socio-economic factors did not, however, explain the higher proportion of psychological morbidity among children with stepparents, or the strong relationship between parents' and children's psychological morbidity...

..As individual food items are not consumed in isolation, we examined the association between dietary patterns and cognitive function, with special attention to the role of education in this association...

..All of the migrant groups had high rates of multiple myeloma and low rates of testicular, ovarian and lung cancer. Genetic and environmental factors that may contribute to these patterns are discussed...

..These data show that any independent chronic effect of smoking on BP is small. Differences between men and women in this association are likely to be due to complex interrelations among smoking, alcohol intake, and BMI...

..Finally, we test the effect of macronutrient intake on the presence or absence of the metabolic syndrome...

..To examine antidepressant use before and after the diagnosis of diabetes...

..To examine potential reciprocal associations between common mental disorders and obesity, and to assess whether dose-response relations exist...

..Model III treats education, a distal measure of SEP, as antecedent to the proximal measures of SEP in the prediction equations linking SEP to health...

..To assess whether C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are associated with low cognitive performance and decline in middle-aged adults...

..To examine the relationship between reduced heart rate variability (HRV) and cognitive function in middle-aged adults in the general population...

..To examine the associations between positive and negative affect and subsequent coronary heart disease events independently of established risk factors...

..To test whether early-life factors (education, height, father's social position) and midlife social, behavioral, and psychosocial factors were associated with entering older age without disease and with good functioning...

..The purpose of this study was to test whether psychological factors affect inflammation processes to an extent that increases the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD)...

..These data suggest that, despite the net reclassification improvement, the clinical use of adding repeat measures of blood pressure to the Framingham hypertension risk score may be limited...

..We examined the importance of several psychological attributes (sense of coherence, optimism, pessimism, hostility, anxiety) with regard to antihypertensive medication adherence assessed by pharmacy refill records...

..The nature of the link between arterial stiffness and quality of life in older people merits attention...

..We examined this association in late midlife, with particular focus on cumulative effects and the role of socioeconomic circumstances...

..Prospective data on the association between common mental disorders and obesity are scarce, and the impact of ageing on this association is poorly understood...

..5%; 95% CI: -2.5% to 1.5%). These data suggest that the Framingham hypertension risk score provides a valid tool with which to estimate near-term risk of developing hypertension...

..To examine the recent suggestion that impaired fasting glucose may protect against depression, whereas a diagnosis of diabetes might then result in depression...

..We investigated social inequalities in walking speed in early old age...

..Obesity is associated with low-grade inflammation, but the long-term effects of weight change on inflammation are unknown...

..This might be a potential mechanism through which antidepressant medication increases CVD risk. Further data are required to explore the effects of dosage and duration of antidepressant treatment...

..Little is known about the associations between non-response to follow-up surveys and mortality, or differences in these associations by socioeconomic position in studies with repeat data collections...

..We examined whether the metabolic syndrome is associated with the onset of depressive symptoms in a cohort of middle-aged British civil servants...

..We aim to quantify the contribution of personality measures to the associations between SEP and mortality...

..The results suggest that subjective social status reflects the cognitive averaging of standard markers of socioeconomic situation and is free of psychological biases...

..However, it remains unclear if this association extends to younger age groups. The objective of this study was to examine the association between hypertension and a range of cognitive abilities in middle aged men and women...

..This paper examines (1) accumulation across trichotomous categories of socioeconomic position (SEP), and (2) accumulation in analysis stratified by adult SEP...

..Psychosocial domestic conditions may have a greater effect on the health of women compared with men...

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..To test the hypothesis of an inverse association between indicators of vascular disease and cognitive function in the general, stroke-free population...

..Four key areas that would benefit from research within the socialization framework are identified: health behaviours, psychological vulnerability, social skills and future time perspective...

..To compare the performance of nine published strategies for the selection of individuals prior to screening for undiagnosed diabetes...

..To determine the effect of chronic job insecurity and changes in job security on self reported health, minor psychiatric morbidity, physiological measures, and health related behaviours...

..We examined the association between physical activity and cognitive functioning in middle age...

..To determine whether abnormalities of the left ventricle differ by glucose tolerance status, to explore reasons for differences, and to assess ethnic differences in these relations...

..Studies of diet and depression have focused primarily on individual nutrients...

..To assess whether the association between cognitive ability (IQ) and early mortality is mediated by socioeconomic status (SES) or whether the association between SES and mortality reflects a spurious association caused by IQ...

..To study the influence of change in self perceived psychosocial work characteristics on subsequent rates of sickness absence...

..To examine, among middle-aged individuals, if subjective socioeconomic status (SES) predicts health status and change in health status over time better than objective SES...

..We examined the prospective relation of 2-h postload blood glucose (2hBG) with coronary and other major causes of mortality over 33 years...

..Low education was associated with increased risk of AMI in Eastern Europe but not in the other three regions combined. Educationally related stroke risk was positively correlated with national life expectancy...

..Studies of the association of height and lung function with mortality--which are currently modest in number--will clarify the relative utility of these risk indices and the mechanisms underlying observed patterns of disease risk...

..Although sick, some people take no time off work, a phenomenon called "sickness presenteeism." This study examined the association between sickness presenteeism and incidence of serious coronary events...

..001) for the highest grades, but 0.84 (95% CI=0.69, 1.03; P=.10) for middle and 0.95 (95% CI=0.75, 1.20; P=.65) for low grades, suggesting that childhood and adult social conditions may interact in their influence on coronary risk...

..This supports the context dependency of the epsilon4 risk effect, but the low smoking incidence in the Whitehall men reduced our ability to examine a smoking:genotype interaction...

..To explore the relationship between work, retirement and physical activity...

..This article studied the justice of interpersonal treatment by supervisors (the relational component of organisational justice) as a predictor of health...

..Justice is a fundamental value in human societies, but its effect on health is poorly described. We examined justice at work as a predictor of coronary heart disease (CHD)...

..The limited range of exposure and beverage consumption according to socio-economic class may explain these conflicting findings...

..This study aims to confirm the association between psychological distress and CHD and examine if it could be explained by other factors such as health behaviours, social isolation and low control at work...

..In this study, we test the hypothesis that physical activity earlier in the life course preserves high physical function over an extended period of time, before the onset of major age-related declines in physical function...

..However, previous studies have typically assessed job strain at one point in time only. We examined whether the failure of such measurement to reflect long-term job strain could contribute to false null findings...

..Few studies have examined the long-term effect of habitual diet on risks of incident diabetes, coronary heart disease, and mortality...

..NHLBI support is sought for key new measures at phase 7, continued follow up of the cohort, and for data analysis in support of our three specific aims. ..

..Research in this domain is crucial as positive health trajectories are related to higher quality of life, longer independence and considerably lower medical and social care costs. ..

..Fortypespecifications,see instructions onpage 6.) RESEARCHGRANT TABLE OF CONTENTS PageNumbers FacePage 1 description, ..

..The expected total size of the new study is 28,000 subjects. Analyses will examine cross-sectional outcomes, changes in health and functioning between the baseline and Wave II, and incidence of CVD and mortality since the baseline. ..

..8. Provide these data in a convenient and timely way to the scientific and policy research community. 9. Continue to liaise closely with the HRS and other international studies to maximize the utility of ELSA data. ..

..The wealth of data from midlife places Whitehall II in pole position to elucidate the contribution of inequalities in health and the mechanisms through which they operate in early old age. ..

..Research in this domain is crucial as positive health trajectories are related to higher quality of life, longer independence and considerably lower medical and social care costs. ..

..8.Provide these data in a convenient and timely way to the scientific and policy research community. 9.Continue to liaise closely with the HRS and other international studies to maximize the utility of ELSA data. ..

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..The wealth of data from midlife places Whitehall II in pole position to elucidate the contribution of inequalities in health and the mechanisms through which they operate in early old age. ..

..The repository will serve as the basis for the specified research questions and will provide genetic information for other studies concentrating on other research questions. ..

..The analysis of these individual differences in health will pay particular attention to women and ethnic minorities...

..4. To construct two waves of accessible and well documented panel data, and incorporate the HSE data. 5. Provide these data in a convenient and timely way to the scientific and policy research community. ..

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..4. To construct two waves of accessible and well documented panel data, and incorporate the HSE data. 5. Provide these data in a convenient and timely way to the scientific and policy research community. ..

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