Alex Marks

..The findings suggest that both surrogacy and egg donation families function well in the early school years...

..It was concluded that the degree of sex-typed behavior shown by preschool children is a good indicator of their degree of sex-typed behavior following the transition to adolescence...

..To assess the quality of parenting and psychological adjustment of egg donation families as the child approaches adolescence in comparison with donor insemination (DI) and IVF families...

..Findings are presented of the third phase of a longitudinal study of children conceived by assisted reproduction procedures involving surrogacy and/or donor conception...

..The aim of the study was to examine the quality of parenting and the psychological development of three-year-old children in IVF/ICSI families with triplets...

..5 were still the most sex typed at age 5, with those children who showed the highest levels of sex-typed behavior during the preschool years continuing to do so at age 8...

..At age 18, no young person was distressed about having been conceived by IVF. The findings of this study indicate that as test-tube babies approach adulthood, they are generally functioning well...

..The present investigation constituted the third phase of a longitudinal study of the quality of parent-child relationships and the psychological adjustment of children in female-headed families with no father present from infancy...

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..Young siblings' antisocial behaviour is common yet its impact has received relatively little research attention...

..Findings are presented of the second phase of a longitudinal study of families created through surrogacy...

..The introduction of assisted reproduction has led to unusual forms of procreation. This article describes the social consequences of lesbian motherhood and of families headed by single heterosexual mothers...

..An increasing number of lesbian women and single heterosexual women are bringing up children with no male involvement. This study follows up to adolescence a sample of children raised in fatherless families from birth or early infancy...

..We conclude that preschoolers' false belief understanding both directly and indirectly supports children's growing ability to discuss thoughts and feelings in their conversations with friends...

..However, the triplets and twins showed a delay in some aspects of language development in comparison with the singleton children...

..It was concluded that infants conceived by egg or sperm donation did not appear to be at risk for parenting difficulties...

..Similarly, the sex similarities in infants' preferences for colors and shapes suggest that any subsequent sex differences in these preferences may arise from socialization or cognitive gender development rather than inborn factors...

..Some offspring had discovered large numbers of half siblings (maximum=13). The majority of offspring who had found their donor relations reported positive experiences and remained in regular contact with them...

..Importantly, this is one of the first studies to compare the views of offspring told of their origins during childhood to those who found out during adulthood...

..The birth of the first 'test-tube' baby in 1978 has led to the creation of family types that would not otherwise have existed...

..Findings are in line with those of earlier investigations showing positive mother-child relationships and well-adjusted children...

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..To compare the quality of family relationships and children's socioemotional adjustment in families created by donor insemination where parents tended either toward disclosure or nondisclosure...

..The DI children were well adjusted in terms of their social and emotional development. The findings are discussed with respect to the secrecy surrounding DI and the imbalance in genetic relatedness between the parents and the child...

..No differences were identified between fathers for warmth or conflict. Only 2 DI children were aware of their donor conception...

..Girls' narratives showed more affection than boys' and were more strongly associated with mothers' interview measures, suggesting that girls' play narratives reveal a more accurate picture of family relationships...

..Solo DI mothers appeared to be more open toward disclosing the donor conception to the child than were married DI mothers...

..This study examined the motivations, experiences and psychological consequences of surrogacy for surrogate mothers...

..The findings demonstrate the importance of understanding the views of egg-donation parents themselves, if openness is to be encouraged in these families...

..Although other, unmeasured factors may explain the relation, the results suggest that normal variability in T levels prenatally may contribute to the development of individual differences in the gender role behavior of preschool girls...

..Our results suggest that prenatal stress does not influence the development of gender role behavior in boys and appears to have relatively little, if any, influence on gender role behavior in girls...

..The children were not at increased risk of psychological problems. The study provides interesting but preliminary findings on parent-child relationships and child development in a new family form...

..However, twins showed significantly lower levels of cognitive functioning. CONCLUSION(S): Greater difficulties in parenting and child development were experienced by IVF/ICSI families with twins than by IVF/ICSI families with singletons...

..It is not known whether parents in embryo donation families will tend towards the adoption model, therefore, we studied families with a child conceived using donated embryos...

..Findings are presented of a study of families with a child created through a surrogacy arrangement. This paper focuses on the commissioning couples' reports of their experiences...

..These samples are the first of their kind to be followed up from infancy, thus providing an opportunity to examine the influence of early experience on later development in these new family forms. ..

..These samples are the first of their kind to be followed up from infancy, thus providing an opportunity to examine the influence of early experience on later development in these new family forms. ..

..These samples are the first of their kind to be followed up from infancy, thus providing an opportunity to examine the influence of early experience on later development in these new family forms. ..