K-T Khaw

..The lack of association found in several cohort studies between dietary saturated fat and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk has renewed debate over the link between dietary fats and CHD...

..Their potential effects may alter the risk of breast cancer, but only a limited range of phytoestrogens has been examined in prospective cohort studies...

..To examine the association of education with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)...

..The association between socioeconomic position in middle age and risk of subsequent, short-term weight gain is unknown. We therefore assessed this association in a prospective population based cohort study in Norfolk, UK...

..We investigate the association between occupational social class and self-rated health (SRH) at different ages in men and women...

..The objective of the study was to determine the self-reported prevalence of parkinsonian symptoms from a questionnaire, and to examine their association with age and self-reported Parkinson's disease in a large cohort...

..We examined the accuracy of these routine record linkage approaches for identifying incident stroke cases in a large UK population-based study, the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort...

..BMI is considered to be one of the measures of choice to evaluate body fatness and there is evidence that body fatness is related with an increased risk of breast cancer (BC)...

..We aimed to quantify the potential combined impact of four health behaviours on mortality in men and women living in the general community...

..Increasing evidence suggests that abnormal glucose metabolism may be associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer...

..Diabetes mellitus is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This review examines glycated hemoglobin, an indicator of long-term average blood glucose concentrations, in risk prediction for cardiovascular disease...

..This may be partly related to different methods for assessing physical activity. Most studies have focused on leisure time physical activity...

..A key issue is whether differences in usual sodium intake within the range feasible in free-living populations have clinical or public health relevance...

..Increasing evidence suggests a continuous relationship between blood glucose concentrations and cardiovascular risk, even below diagnostic threshold levels for diabetes...

..We aimed to assess quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneum and fracture incidence in a prospective observational population study...

..Understanding and identification of the causes and prevention of conditions that could result to serious disabilities must be a high priority...

..We aimed to assess the relation between plasma ascorbic acid and subsequent mortality due to all causes, cardiovascular disease, ischaemic heart disease, and cancer...

..To investigate the independent association between three different measures of socioeconomic status and plasma ascorbic acid level...

..00; 95% CI 0.82-1.22). In conclusion, forced expiratory volume in one second independently predicts self perceived physical well being in a general population across the whole normal distribution of respiratory function...

..Whether these observations represent the true underlying aetiological relations or are a manifestation of the different precision with which the subdimensions of activity are measured remains uncertain...

..Although clinical trials showed no significant benefit of vitamin C supplementation in reducing stroke risk, they were not able to examine the relation between plasma vitamin C concentrations and stroke risk in a general population...

..These findings suggest that diet may be a potentially modifiable risk factor for the development of asthma...

..We investigated this association based upon a large population-based prospective cohort study...

..In men who stop smoking plasma fibrinogen may remain elevated for several years after cessation...

..Previous studies on cardiovascular risk profile in different socioeconomic status were focused on younger populations and many of them have not been able to take into account age and sex differences...

..Efforts to reduce cigarette smoking need to tackle not just individual but also area based factors. Understanding the specific factors in deprived areas that influence smoking habit may help inform preventive efforts...

..The protective effect of vitamin C in women needs to be further investigated in other prospective cohort or intervention studies...

..To examine the relationship between Short Form (SF)-36 physical functional health-related quality of life and incident stroke...

..To examine the association between modifiable lifestyle behaviors and functional health...

..Microalbuminuria may be a useful indicator of high absolute cardiovascular risk in the community but prospective data are needed to establish its independent predictive value for future events...

..In men, there was no evidence that HbA(1c) level was associated with fish consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The study found no evidence of an association between fish consumption and HbA(1c) after taking other lifestyle factors into account...

..Microalbuminuria may be useful in identifying those at increased risk of stroke in the general population...

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..To investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and functional health according to age and the support available from a close confidant...

..Faster expansion in the female femoral neck may in turn lead to greater fragility if wider diameter and thinner cortices become locally unstable...

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..Body fat distribution has been cross-sectionally associated with atherosclerotic disease risk factors, but the prospective relation with coronary heart disease remains uncertain...

..To examine the association between fish consumption and stroke risk...

..Little is known of associations between hip geometry and skeletal regulators. This is important because geometry is a determinant of both hip function and resistance to fracture...

..To assess whether starting to smoke in childhood increases the risk of obstructive airways disease (OAD) in adult life...

..70, 95% CI: 0.49-0.99, p = 0.024) compared to those who were inactive. This highlights the fact that efforts to increase physical activity in both the work place and in leisure time should be encouraged...

..To investigate the association between two indices of obesity, BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and self-reported physical and mental functional health...

..The relationship between blood glucose concentration and stroke in people without established diabetes has been studied less extensively...

..However, the relationship between usual daily physical activity and endogenous hormones in postmenopausal women in the general population is still uncertain...

..The lack of an association between physical activity and percentage breast density suggests that an association between physical activity and breast cancer risk is unlikely to be mediated through an effect on mammographic breast density...

..CONCLUSION: Alcohol intake was associated with lower HbA(1c) level, an association not explained by confounding. The distinction between type of alcohol consumed was particularly important in men...

..In this first study on phytoestrogen-gene associations in men, we conclude that enterolactone and equol are positively associated with plasma androgen concentrations, and interactions with CYP19 gene may be involved...

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..CONCLUSIONS: Understanding some of the community level barriers to changing health related behaviours may lead to more effective interventions to improving health in the whole community, particularly those who are most vulnerable...

..61 (95% CI: 1.19, 2.07). Microalbuminuria may be useful in identifying persons at increased risk of CHD and subsequent death in the general population...

..To investigate the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and self-reported physical and mental functional health measured by an anglicised short-form 36-item questionnaire (UK SF-36)...

..Serial measurement of height is, therefore, recommended among the elderly people...

..Caution is needed in the interpretation of these findings that require replication but they may be seen to aid understanding of the mechanisms through which early environmental exposures act...

..As urine pH relates to dietary acid-base load its use to monitor change in consumption of fruit and vegetables, in individuals, warrants further investigation...

..81, 1.03). This prospective study showed that an increased dietary polyunsaturated:saturated fat ratio was associated with a reduced risk of diabetes, independent of age, sex, family history of diabetes, and other lifestyle factors...

..76, p=0.002). Results suggest that a strong sense of coherence may confer some resilience to the risk of chronic disease...

..We therefore did a genome-wide association study of LDL-cholesterol concentrations...

..This study provides additional evidence for a protective effect of physical activity on breast cancer risk...

..A research framework based on the personal characteristic defined by a sense of coherence (SOC) focuses on the effective use of resources to maintain good health...

..Subsequent analyses will extend this approach to non-fatal cardiovascular outcomes and to further dietary, biochemical and genetic factors...

..We test the hypothesis that sense of coherence (SOC), a marker of social stress adaptive capacity, is associated with incident stroke in a population-based prospective cohort study...

..Redistribution of daily energy intake, so that more energy is consumed at breakfast and less energy is consumed later in the day, may help to reduce weight gain in middle-aged adults...

..The apparent almost immediate reversibility of effects of smoking on inflammation, as indicated by the WBC count, may help motivate efforts to stop smoking...

..We examine whether lipid levels vary between central and peripheral fat distribution in the general population...

..To examine the relationship between cigarette smoking habits and fat distribution in a population-based cohort of men and women...

..Recent literature reviews have questioned hostility as a risk factor for heart disease. However, controversy persists due to the rarity of large-scale prospective cohort studies of initially healthy populations...

..We conclude that higher isoflavone exposure is associated with lower plasma estradiol in postmenopausal women and that this preliminary study is suggestive of the involvement of diet-gene interactions...

..Excess fat may promote fatty acid oxidation and increase free radical concentrations, which could result in increased antioxidant use. Whether plasma ascorbic acid concentrations are associated with fat distribution remains unclear...

..Understanding of the impact of depressive and anxiety disorders on functional health status in the context of chronic medical illness has been gained almost exclusively from the study of patient populations...

..These results may aid future study of coping resources as determinants of persistent well-being...

..There is a J-shape relation between self-reported birth weight and subsequent risk of colorectal cancer. Babies born with macrosomia appear to have the greatest risk...

..To investigate the associations among depression, smoking behaviour and enumerative measures of immunity in a population-based cohort study...

..To determine the relation between fat distribution and blood pressure, independent of body mass index...

..The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that sense of coherence (SOC) distinguishes adaptive capacity to adverse event experience...

..The authors investigated the association between major depressive disorder, including its clinical course, and mortality from ischemic heart disease...

..To explore the relationship between self-reported physical functional health and mortality...

..The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between breast arterial calcification (BAC), commonly found on mammography, and cardiovascular disease and its risk factors...

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..10 [0.94-1.29], p=0.23). Dietary measurement error might explain the absence of a significant association between dietary fat and breast-cancer risk in cohort studies...

..These data suggest that INS VNTR class is not an important determinant of size and body weight regulation in middle-aged men and women...

..These results support the hypothesis that hypertension, rather than its medications, increases the risk of RCC in both sexes, while effective blood pressure control may lower the risk...

..To study the role of IL-8 in predicting future coronary artery disease (CAD) in apparently healthy men and women...

..Our data give further credence to public health efforts aiming to reduce the prevalence of obesity to prevent RCC, in addition to other chronic diseases...

..In conclusion, relatively high blood concentrations of estrogens and free testosterone are associated with an increased endometrial cancer risk in postmenopausal women...

..There is a continuous relationship between glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, even below diagnostic thresholds for diabetes mellitus...

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..024) for serum equol, and 1.22 (1.01-1.48; P = 0.044) for serum daidzein]. These estimates of risk are similar to those established for estrogens and androgens in postmenopausal breast cancer but need confirmation in larger studies...

..To investigate whether blood lipid response to dietary fat and fibre vary according to the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene locus...

..87 (95% CI 1.06 to 3.30, P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated CETP levels are associated with an increasing risk of future CAD in apparently healthy individuals, but only in those with high triglyceride levels...

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..These data suggest that the risk reduction associated with higher ascorbic acid plasma concentrations, a marker of fruit and vegetable intake, is independent of classical risk factors and also independent of CRP concentration...

..This discrepancy may be related to differences in fat distribution between sexes or to the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in women...

..The positive correlation of apoA-V levels with TG levels, negative correlation with LPL levels, and lack of association with CAD risk highlight the need for further human studies to clarify the role of apoA-V...

..However, the data support a regulatory role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the process of atherosclerosis...

..Nevertheless, among older, postmenopausal women, hyperinsulinemia might contribute to increasing breast cancer risk...

..CONCLUSION: Although the period of follow-up is limited for now, the results suggest that total or specific vegetable and fruit intake is not associated with risk for breast cancer...

..Our data indicate that the relationship of adiposity with breast cancer in postmenopausal women could be partially explained by the increases in endogenous estrogens, and by a decrease in levels of SHBG...