Stefan G Hubscher

..This study provides further evidence for the existence of portal-associated lymphoid tissue and is the first evidence that ectopic CCL21 is associated with lymphoid neogenesis in human inflammatory disease...

..In HCV infected livers, immunohistochemical studies revealed focal patterns of CLDN1 staining, suggesting localized areas of increased CLDN1 expression in vivo which may potentiate local viral spread within the liver...

..This article will review the pathology of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) focusing on recent studies which have improved our understanding of the clinicopathological features and diagnostic approaches...

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..g., coexistent metabolic fatty liver disease). In cases where there is a dual pathology, liver biopsy may also help to identify the predominant cause of graft damage...

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..These require further evaluation, but have a potentially important role to play in determining prognosis and monitoring therapeutic responses...

..Consideration should also be given to the therapeutic implications of the biopsy report, in particular whether changes in immunosuppression are indicated...

..This article will provide an overview of the main histological changes occurring in long-term survivors post-LT, focusing on areas where the assessment of late post-transplant biopsies is most relevant clinically...

..6. Further studies are required to investigate the role of protocol liver biopsies in determining therapeutic strategies in children who appear to have good graft function according to noninvasive investigations...

..Chronic hepatitis is the most frequent underlying pathological process in cases where the cause of cirrhosis remains uncertain...

..Standard liver tests do not reflect the extent of these changes, so protocol liver biopsies may be required to detect these changes. We recommend careful history and follow-up in these patients...

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..Certain features of lymphocyte homing are maintained in lymphoma recruitment to the liver, suggesting that therapeutic targets for lymphocyte recruitment may also prevent hepatic lymphoma dissemination...

..This review will focus on these difficult and controversial areas in the pathology of rejection, documenting what is currently known and identifying areas where further clarification is required...

..Further studies are required to investigate the presence of Notch2 and Notch3 at other periods in liver development and to clarify the role of Notch signalling in paediatric cholestases...

..Thus, CLEVER-1/stabilin-1 and VAP-1 may provide an organ-specific signal for Treg recruitment to the inflamed liver and to hepatocellular carcinoma...

..However, the role of infection in HCC pathogenesis is poorly understood. We investigated the effect(s) of HCV infection and viral glycoprotein expression on hepatoma biology to gain insights into the development of HCV associated HCC...

..In conclusion, findings from this study may help identify patients at risk of progressing to graft loss from CR at a stage when the disease process is potentially reversible and amenable to treatment...

..Risk factors for rPBC include use of tacrolimus compared with cyclosporine; for rPSC include absence of colon peri-transplantation and for rAIH possible associations with some HLA haplotypes have been suggested...

..Hepatic angiosarcoma is a primary sarcoma of the liver, accounting for only 2% of all primary hepatic malignancies. Acute liver failure is an extremely rare presentation of a primary liver tumour...

..We have studied a cohort followed-up at a tertiary referral center and postulate that gut-derived prothrombotic factors may contribute to the pathogenesis and prognosis of NCIPH...

..A better understanding of this process might allow therapeutic intervention to switch off the inflammatory response before irreversible damage occurs in both ALD and NAFLD...

..In conclusion, although the Banff RAI score is a useful marker of the severity of rejection, neither the total RAI score nor any of the individual components correlated with response to steroids or graft survival...

..Thus, CXCL16 can promote lymphocyte adhesion to epithelial cells and may function to attract and retain effector cells that promote biliary and hepatocyte destruction in inflammatory liver disease...

..This, together with aberrant Jagged-1 expression suggests that the Notch signaling pathway may play a role in the neovascularization and biliary defects observed in the liver during the development of cirrhosis...

..However, whether any of the current liver stem cell approaches will be converted into effective clinical cell transplantation or gene therapy treatments has yet to be proven...

..IL-17 secreting CD4 (Th17) and CD8 (Tc17) T cells have been implicated in immune-mediated liver diseases, but the molecular basis for their recruitment and positioning within the liver is unknown...

..Future developments in genetic and immune profiling may lead to liver biopsy becoming a predictive tool to identify patients in which immunosuppression can be safely withdrawn...

..Thus, different chemokine receptors play distinct roles in the recruitment and positioning of T(regs) at sites of hepatitis in chronic liver disease...

..Because the diagnosis is dependent on histology, the importance of biopsy cannot be underestimated. Once diagnosed, a successful outcome depends on effective treatment with amphotericin...

..This is the first demonstration in humans that T cells activated in the gut can be recruited to an extra-intestinal site of disease and provides a paradigm to explain the pathogenesis of extra-intestinal complications of IBD...

..Liver histology revealed massive infiltration with atypical lymphocytes typical of ATL and liver necrosis...

..Furthermore, none of the German or U.K. HCC tumors tested positive for EBER or EBNAI expression in tumor cells. Our results provide strong evidence that HCCs from the U.K. or Germany are not associated with EBV...