A Rus Hoelzel

..Morphological differences may suggest different selective environments at the two sites...

..The regional lack of variation is likely to be due to the strict matrilineal expansion of local populations. The worldwide pattern and paucity of diversity may indicate a historical bottleneck as an additional factor...

..Our data indicate a key role for social and foraging behavior in the evolution of genetic structure among conspecific populations of the killer whale...

..In an application of modern genomic methods to material from the Pleistocene, a recent study has instead undertaken to clone and sequence a portion of the ancient genome of the cave bear...

..These data imply a mechanism for the evolutionary structuring of populations based on local habitat dependence for both males and females...

..aduncus, were each highly differentiated from populations of the truncatus morphotype, and from each other, suggesting a possible third species represented by the South African aduncus type...

..Our analyses indicate a previously unknown fidelity of females to coastal basins either side of the North Atlantic, and suggest the movement of males among these populations for breeding...

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..We discuss possible evolutionary mechanisms that could explain the results, which show the opposite pattern, with effective panmixia across thousands of kilometres in the North Atlantic...

..We provide evidence for a bottleneck event within the Holocene, estimate an effective population size (Ne) that is low for a globally distributed species, and discuss the implications...

..Together these data emphasize the importance of the social cohesion of kin in small groups to the structuring of striped dolphin populations in this environment...

..The data indicate that this was a local extinction, and not a case of historical range shift or contraction. One possible interpretation is a declining metapopulation and conservation need for this species in the UK...

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..We also find differences in call usage (compared to the natal pod) that may reflect the absence of a repertoire model from tutors or some unknown effect related to isolation or context...

..However, outliers in the F(ST) comparisons and the analysis of putative functional residues suggested incidences of directional selection in local populations...

..We discuss the possibility that individual southern elephant seals are pursuing specialist foraging strategies to avoid competition, both with one another, and with the South American sea lions that breed nearby...

..We observed low genetic differentiation among the short-beaked populations across a large geographical scale. We interpret these phylogeographical patterns in the context of life history and population structure in related species...

..This is in contrast with a late Saxon site in Norwich, where the genetic signature is consistent with more recent immigrations from the south, possibly as part of the Saxon invasions...

..This result indicates that these whales adjust their behaviour to compensate for anthropogenic noise once it reaches a threshold level...

..Taken together our results show how the killer whale breeding system, coupled with social, dispersal and foraging behaviour, contributes to the evolution of population genetic structure...

..These results suggest a pattern of evolution of the immune response in pinnipeds similar to that in terrestrial mammal species...

..There was also increased representation of one of the ancient haplotypes in modern populations. We consider these results in the context of possible selection or stochastic processes...

..The phylogenies further suggest that the monophyly of the viviparous species may have resulted from vicariance, while recent dispersal may have been important in generating the pattern of variation among the oviparous species...