Andrew R Green

..To date, most genome-wide array comparative genomic hybridization studies have used tumor panels of relatively large tumor size and high Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) that are not as representative of breast cancer demographics...

..MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of short non-coding RNAs found in many plants and animals, often act post-transcriptionally to inhibit gene expression...

..Fau modifies apoptosis-controller Bcl-G, which is also a key target for candidate oncoprotein maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK)...

..The aims were to identify whether their expression was related to patient outcome, their relationships to known prognostic factors and to provide a basis for further research into the mechanistic significance of such associations...

..The aim of this study is to assess the expression of these genes in LCIS and compare them with normal breast, using CDH1 as a control, in order to evaluate their role as TSGs...

..To determine the status of oestrogen receptor (ER) subtypes (ERalpha and ERbeta) in lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) of the breast...

..Thus, targeting of PIK3CA using specific inhibitors could potentially be beneficial, particularly for patients with more aggressive poorly differentiated tumors, irrespective of their molecular subtype...

..CD71 appears to be a candidate marker of a subgroup of ER+/luminal-like breast cancer characterised by poor outcome and resistance to tamoxifen...

..In conclusion, we used novel bioinformatics methods to identify candidate genes to characterise ER+ luminal-like breast cancer. RERG gene is a key marker of the luminal BC class and can be used to separate distinct prognostic subgroups...

..Patients with a high growth fraction appear to be ideal candidates for adjuvant chemotherapy while those with low growth fraction are less likely to benefit and are prone to the potential serious side effects of adjuvant chemotherapy...

..PELP1 appears to have a potential application in assessing the clinical outcome of patients with ER-positive breast cancer...

..This study provides evidence that Dicer protein plays a role in human BC progression and behaviour, and assessment of its expression could provide prognostic information in BC including the HER2-positive class...

..014 and p=0.025 respectively). The data supports the hypothesis that calpastatin may play a role in regulating the initial metastatic dissemination of breast cancer...

..It is less common than invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and few large studies have addressed its biologic characteristics and behaviour with respect to long-term clinical outcome and response to adjuvant therapy...

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..It is usually easier to decide treatment strategies in cases of double-positive/-negative phenotypes than in single-positive tumors...

..35 and 0.65). A major cause of the discrepancy is underestimation of mitoses in the NCB specimen. The aim was to determine the best method of assessing proliferation on NCB...

..In conclusion, our results demonstrated the oncogenetic role of increased CTEN expression and its association with poor prognostic parameters. These data could help in prognostic assessment in BC patients...

..This study aimed to assess the prognostic value of a proliferation assay by using Ki-67 immunohistochemistry as compared with mitotic count scores...

..Further investigation of the biology of FABP7 in breast cancer is warranted...

..Vascular invasion was, in all phenotypes, almost entirely lymphatic vessel invasion and could stratify basal-like and triple-negative phenotypes into distinct prognostic groups...

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..This shows that the relationship between basic cell biology and clinical behaviour is not always straightforward and warrants further investigations of the true clinical impact of breast cancer stem cells...

..97, P = 0.005) and MFS (LR 4.01, P = 0.045). EpCAM may play a role in breast cancer progression and its expression is associated with poor patient outcome in basal-like breast cancer, independent of other prognostic factors...

..In conclusion, our results demonstrate the biological and prognostic role of FOXO3a protein expression and its subcellular localisation in ER-positive/luminal-like BC possibly through its involvement in controlling cell proliferation...

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..These findings may help development more adequate therapeutic regimens for specific subgroups of this key cancer pathway...

..In this review, we explore the concept and definitions of the luminal-like class of breast carcinoma and their contribution to our understanding of their molecular features, clinical significance and therapeutic implications...

..We therefore conclude that FOXP3(+) infiltrating cells do not have a dominant role in breast cancer prognosis and suggest that other inflammatory cell subsets may be more critical variables...

..The pattern of nodal metastatic deposits (nodular, sinusoidal and diffuse) and the proportion of involved nodes were also analysed in a selected group of 246 tumours, which were associated with a single positive ALN...

..We apply the methodology to immunohistochemical data from breast cancer patients. In doing so, we identify six core classes, of which several may be novel sub-groups not previously emphasised in literature...

..In this chapter, techniques for the analysis of miRNA expression in laser-microdissected formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissues are discussed...

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..These observations provide further evidence that alterations in miRNA regulation influence tumour behaviour...

..Our findings underscore the role played by mitochondrial machinery in BC progression and warrant their validation on a prospective basis...

..The study of interaction between receptors/ligands will characterize specifically their signalling pathway and understand which strategy to acquire...

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..A larger epidemiological study leading to randomised clinical trials is needed for breast and other cancer types including colon, prostate and ovary...

..This study identifies the presence of variations in global levels of histone marks in different grades, morphologic types, and phenotype classes of invasive breast cancer and shows that these differences have clinical significance...

..As it is less common than invasive ductal carcinoma, few studies of large size have addressed the value of assessment of histologic grade in ILC...

..The use of immunohistochemical staining with a lymphendothelial specific marker such as podoplanin/D2-40 increases the accuracy of identification of patients with tumor associated LVI...

..These results suggest that tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T lymphocytes have antitumor activity as judged by their favorable effect on patients' survival and could potentially be exploited in the treatment of breast cancer...

..Recent studies have demonstrated that specific FGFR1 amplification correlates with gene expression and that FGFR1 activity is required for the survival of a FGFR1 amplified breast cancer cell line...

..05-20.25; p = 0.043). Calpain-1 may be a useful biomarker to predict relapse-free survival in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant trastuzumab and chemotherapy. A larger verification study is warranted...

..Our results indicate that the cadherin switch alters through progression of HGSC. The profile of combined cadherin expressions in association with survival raises expectations in targeted therapy...

..In contrast, patients with high expression of MICA may be candidates for the antibody therapies, as they should be susceptible to NK killing by antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity...

..Triple-negative breast cancer (estrogen receptor-negative, progesterone receptor-negative, and HER2-negative) is a high risk breast cancer that lacks the benefit of specific therapy that targets these proteins...

..This study aimed to compare immunohistochemistry for these markers using the pharmDx system and standard methods...

..In conclusion, most breast carcinomas express MUC1, MUC3 and MUC4. Among the various mucins expressed in breast cancer, MUC1 and MUC3 are potential prognostic indicators, MUC1 having the strongest relationship with patient outcome...

..These are important observations as these tumours typically lack hormone receptor and HER-2 overexpression limiting the range of relevant adjuvant therapies...

..Immunohistochemical assessment of BRCA1 expression could provide additional clinically relevant information in routine classification of breast cancer...

..Together, these data argue that elevated expression of this receptor in tumor cells could have important consequences in subsets of basal-like carcinomas for which there is a current lack of effective treatment...

..Our aim was to elucidate the prognostic significance of ERbeta1, ERbeta2, and ERbeta5 by immunohistochemistry in a large cohort of breast carcinomas with long-term follow-up...

..Basal phenotype has been found to be an independent poor prognostic factor for breast cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the mammographic appearance of screening-detected breast carcinoma with the basal phenotype...

..Results provide a basis for understanding the mechanism for tamoxifen induced tissue remodelling and the development of adenomyosis...

..This review discusses the complexity of the 16q region and the different approaches that have been, are being, and will be used to detect the target genes in this area...