Edwin A M Gale

..Secondary or tertiary roles remain possible, but have yet to be confirmed in prospective studies...

..This hypothesis could be tested in case-control studies by the development of serological markers or skin testing. If confirmed, identification of the underlying mechanisms could open the way to new forms of immune intervention...

..We assessed the effect upon A1C of recruitment to a clinical trial in patients with diabetes who had been screened and interviewed to determine eligibility but whose therapy was otherwise unchanged...

..How should we use the glitazones? And how did they achieve blockbuster status without any clear evidence of advantage over existing therapy?..

..Appreciation of the historical origin and subsequent evolution of these fundamental concepts could stimulate critical analysis and help prepare the way for a new paradigm...

..It also taught us that glucose control is not enough: the central objective of therapy is to reduce vascular risk by any means available. This commentary looks back along the winding road that led to these conclusions...

..This study compared insulin lispro with human soluble insulin in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus on multiple injection therapy who inject shortly before meals...

..In the absence of effective sanctions, each of us must seek a personal solution to the professional and ethical issues involved...

..003), especially in those diagnosed at age 5 years or younger, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the rise of type 1 diabetes is due to a major environmental effect...

..We wanted to see whether measures of insulin resistance improved risk assessment in islet cell antibody (ICA)-positive relatives when added to other immune and metabolic markers...

..4%), whereas inclusion of 11 genotypes achieved the same sensitivity for diagnosis for ages 10-14 yr. Analysis of genotype-specific risk should form the basis for design of future primary prevention trials in the general population...

..Other factors, possibly including genes on chromosome 21, may increase the penetrance of type 1 diabetes in Down's syndrome...

..012). These data support the hypothesis that pubertal changes may contribute to accelerated onset of type 1 diabetes in genetically susceptible females. This phenomenon may be orchestrated by the action of estrogen on the IL6 promoter...

..The disease process underlying type 1 diabetes has changed over time and continues to evolve. Understanding why and how this produced the pandemic of childhood diabetes would be an important step toward reversing it...

..We have optimised conditions for HLA class II typing on whole genome amplified DNA collected by mouth swab, but this method could potentially be applied to low concentrations of DNA from other sources...

..To determine the best autoantibody-based testing strategy for recruiting relatives for future intervention trials and to establish the role of islet cell antibodies (ICAs) within this strategy...

..001). Diabetes with onset before age 5 years is therefore a marker of high familial risk...

..The high prevalence of celiac autoimmunity may be explained by shared genetic susceptibility and identifies a population within which screening for the disease may be justified...

..Input from "transplanters" and diabetologists is essential in order to select appropriate patients for islet transplantation...

..Women are, however, more likely to transmit Type II diabetes to their offspring. Understanding these experiments of nature might suggest ways of influencing the early course of both forms of the disease...

..Cerebrovascular mortality rates have been shown to be raised in patients with type II diabetes but have not previously been reported by age and sex in patients with type I diabetes...

..Thus, T1D patients have higher levels of MMc in their circulation than unaffected siblings and healthy individuals, and MMc contributes to islet beta cells in a mother's progeny...

..Although activating KCNJ11 mutations are rare in patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, the identification of a KCNJ11 mutation may have important treatment implications...

..91, p=0.03; 446 families, 0.60, p=0.006). Our data indicate an aetiological role for ICAM-1 in type 1 diabetes, which needs to be confirmed in future genetic and functional experiments...