C H D Fall

..Work in experimental animals suggests that epigenetic phenomena, whereby gene expression is modified by DNA methylation, and which are sensitive to the nutritional environment in early life, may be one mechanism underlying programming...

..Future progress will depend on new studies that provide detailed prospective data on duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding together with appropriate characterisation of the weaning diet...

..This study has highlighted how the pattern of parental-fetal associations varies over gestation. Further follow-up will determine whether and how these variations in fetal/placental development relate to health in later life...

..We also compared maternal and paternal measurements (body mass index (BMI) and height) as predictors of newborn body composition...

..There are few studies of these variants in South Asians. We investigated whether the two APOA5 variants also show similar association with various lipid parameters in Indian population as in the UK white subjects...

..The purpose of this study was to describe patterns of infant, childhood, and adolescent BMI and weight associated with adult metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease...

..Ongoing studies in India and elsewhere seek to understand the long-term effects of nutrition in early life, and how best to translate this knowledge into policies to improve health in future generations...

..Multiple micronutrient deficiencies are common among women in low-income countries and may adversely affect pregnancy outcomes...

..CONCLUSIONS: Reversing the current obesity epidemic will require greater attention to, and better understanding of, these inter-generational (mother-offspring) factors that programme body composition during early development...

..To test the hypothesis that small size at birth followed by postnatal catch-up growth is associated with elevated IGF-I production...

....

..Programmed effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may influence reactivity rather than resting secretion...

..Studies have shown that the shape and size of the placenta at birth predict blood pressure in later life. The influences that determine placental morphology are largely unknown. We have examined the role of mother's body size...

..CONCLUSION: In contrast to previous studies in children or young adults, these data do not support the hypothesis that IGF-I concentrations are programmed by intra-uterine events, as assessed by birthweight, in late middle age...

..The objective of this study was to assess agreement between BF% derived from primary reference methods and that from skinfold equations and bio-impedance analysis (BIA) in Indian children...

..To determine the relationship of birth weight to later glucose and insulin metabolism...

..08) with rising birth weight, while IGF-1 concentration fell (P = 0.05) with rising birth weight, suggesting a role for the GH/IGF-1 axis in the programming of adult bone mass among women...

..To identify social, behavioural and cultural factors that explain the thinness of young women relative to their men in rural Maharashtra, India...

..We have related maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy to maternal and newborn glucose and insulin concentrations, and newborn size, in a South Indian population...

..South Asians have high rates of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors. We have investigated the relationships between HPAA activity, adiposity and the metabolic syndrome in a South Asian population...

..03, 2 df) and 3 kg/m(2) greater BMI (P=0.02, 2 df). There was no effect in women. The CNTF G>A null mutation therefore confers a moderate effect on obesity in males of A/A genotype, who represent 1% of the general population...

..We have measured LV mass and arterial compliance, and examined their relation to CHD and other known risk factors, in men and women living in Mysore, South India...

..Our findings highlight the need for a better understanding of the relation between fetal growth and future health before contemplating public health interventions to improve fetal growth...

..The effects of targeted interventions during this period have been little studied in humans...

..Crossing into higher categories of body-mass index after the age of two years is also associated with these disorders...

..Community-based studies are required to confirm this. The effect of maternal glucose concentrations on neonatal anthropometry is continuous and extends into the "normal" glycemic range...

..South Asians have a muscle-thin but adipose body phenotype and high rates of obesity-related disease. Adult body composition may be predictable in early life...

....

..Our data suggest high levels of glucose intolerance in young rural and urban adults highlighting an urgent need for preventive action to avert a public health catastrophe in India...

..To study determinants of incident hyperglycemia in rural Indian mothers 6 years after delivery...

..001). Our findings suggest high diabetes and cardiovascular risks in women with previous GDM. Follow-up of these women after delivery would provide opportunities to modify adverse lifestyle factors...

..Prospective studies should address whether this group is susceptible to type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and osteoporosis...

..We have therefore attempted to measure the impact of 11beta-HSD1 activity on bone in vivo by examining the association of circulating cortisone with bone markers, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone loss in a cohort of women and men...

..CONCLUSION: Increasing maternal parity predicts increasing adiposity in the newborn infant. This may result from maternal nutritional, cardiovascular, or immunologic factors...