I O Ellis

..In this study, we examined whether IRS-1 also associates with another erbB receptor family member, erbB3, and what impact this might have on IGF-IR signalling in three ER+ breast cancer cell lines...

..Adenosquamous carcinoma of the breast is a rare form of metaplastic breast carcinoma. We report such a case in a 19 years old female...

..To date, most genome-wide array comparative genomic hybridization studies have used tumor panels of relatively large tumor size and high Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) that are not as representative of breast cancer demographics...

..Reliable identification of ER-negative tumors that have a good prognosis is not yet possible...

..MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of short non-coding RNAs found in many plants and animals, often act post-transcriptionally to inhibit gene expression...

..A consensus prognostic gene expression classifier is still elusive in heterogeneous diseases such as breast cancer...

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..In this review, we address the pathological validation and significance of micrometastasis in sentinel node biopsy in primary breast cancer...

..The clinical relevance of this has not been fully established...

..In the present study we have examined whether HRG signalling can circumvent EGFR blockade in an EGFR-positive tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 (Tam-R) breast cancer cell line...

..Fau modifies apoptosis-controller Bcl-G, which is also a key target for candidate oncoprotein maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK)...

..The SC101 mAb is a unique Lewisy/b binding antibody that binds to native and extended Lewisy and Lewisb haptens, displaying no cross reactivity with H type 1, H type 2, Lewisx or normal blood group antigens...

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..We therefore examined IL-17 protein expression in human breast cancer and modelled its potential biological significance in vitro...

..Recent studies have demonstrated that specific FGFR1 amplification correlates with gene expression and that FGFR1 activity is required for the survival of a FGFR1 amplified breast cancer cell line...

..Rearrangements in 8p11-12 have been investigated using high-resolution array CGH, but the first 30 Mb of 8p are less well characterised, although this region contains several proposed tumour suppressor genes...

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..A group of three reference laboratories has been established to provide advice, quality assurance, and materials, where needed...

..To ensure maintenance of expertise, an annual caseload volume of at least 250 cases is recommended for laboratories providing a testing service...

..This article presents the results and observed effects of the UK National Health Service Breast Screening Programme (NHSBSP) external quality assurance scheme in breast histopathology...

..This guidance has been produced by the UK National Coordinating Committee for Breast Screening Pathology and is endorsed by the European Commission working group on breast screening pathology...

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..Previous work suggests that the presence of c-erbB2 oncoprotein immunostaining and the proliferation rate of tumours, may be relevant to chemo-sensitivity in breast cancer...

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..We have identified a novel subgroup of basal tumours showing FABP7 expression that have significantly better clinical outcome. Further studies analysing the role of FABP7 are therefore warranted...

..This study aims to assess the incidence of such nodes in completion mastectomy specimens in women who have had previous breast conserving surgery and ANS...

..It seems, however, unlikely that c-erbB-3 protein expression will emerge as a powerful enough prognostic factor to be of value in clinical practice...

..It was suggested that for patients with ER-rich tumours, local control and survival may be comparable. We now present long-term follow-up of a randomised trial designed to address this clinical scenario...

..The basal rather than the myoepithelial phenotype has the strongest relationship with patient outcome...

..Abnormal expression of p53 protein is a feature of both in situ and invasive breast carcinoma, implying that the abnormal p53 protein expression may be implicated in the early stages of mammary carcinoma progression...

..In this review we will discuss current prognostic and predictive factors with particular emphasis on those of relevance in routine histopathology, especially with respect to their clinical applications...

..The results suggest that the tumour growth fraction, as assessed by the MIB1 labelling index, is an important predictor of survival...

..A dedicated clinic for older women with early primary breast cancer, established in 1973, has recently evolved into a combined surgical/oncology facility. This study aimed to compare the clinical outcome across these periods...

..This suggests that humoral immunity, in addition to the cell mediated immunity, may be important in breast cancer. This should be considered in breast cancer immunotherapy and vaccine strategies...

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..These data imply that the combined profile expression patterns of the four receptor family members together provide more accurate information on the tumour behaviour than studying the expression of each receptor individually...

..In conclusion, this study demonstrates, in a large series of patients presenting to one centre, that c-erbB-2 protein expression is a prognostic indicator in patients with primary operable and advanced breast disease...

..In conclusion, lymphovascular invasion is an independent prognostic factor in node-negative breast cancer and should be considered in decisions about adjuvant treatment in this group of women...

..The Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) is a well established and widely used method of predicting survival of operable primary breast cancer...

..The association of young age at diagnosis with a worse prognosis in this series is explained by a higher proportion of poorly differentiated cancers; age itself had no influence on the prognosis of the individual...

..Three-dimensional (3D) serial section alignment and reconstruction techniques can be used for visualisation of nodal metastasis and could provide better understanding of disease growth patterns...

..We have failed to demonstrate a clear clinical utility for C219 in breast cancer, particularly regarding the identification of patients in whom MDR chemotherapy be avoided once metastases develop...

..The aim of this study was to identify the mammographic correlates of these novel molecular classes of invasive breast cancer...

..The results of this study suggest that surveillance mammography of the contralateral breast is of value in women whose first cancer predicted a favorable prognosis...

..In this population, ERalpha+ breast cancer also appears to have a less aggressive biological profile favouring better hormone sensitivity...

..Larger series with extended follow-up will be required to ascertain definitively the prognostic value of c-erbB-4 expression in breast carcinoma...

..The biological reasons for these findings and their implications regarding imaging protocols require further study and may enable improved detection of these lesions...

..Loss of BRCA1 expression associated with high-grade breast tumours suggests that BRCA1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of sporadic breast cancer...

..In conclusion, US can identify abnormal nodes in patients presenting with primary operable breast cancer. In all, 65% of these nodes are malignant and this can often be confirmed with US-guided core biopsy...

..The impetus to standardize such studies is much needed as there are now several tyrosine kinase inhibitors directed against the EGF receptor and phase II trials are showing significant promise...

..Some carcinomas were found after apparently adequate core biopsy, raising the question of whether excision biopsy should be considered after all core biopsy diagnoses of lobular neoplasia...

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..For 1 patient, the SN was positive and the 4NAS negative. SNB performed using radiolabelled colloid has no advantage over 4NAS when nodes are assessed by standard histological technique...

..To assess the frequency and prognostic significance of a basal phenotype in a group of women with screen-detected invasive breast cancers with long-term follow-up and to focus particularly on women with small ( < 15 mm) breast cancers...

..Follow-up mammography after VAE of radial scars often showed residual distortion. VAE can be a safe alternative to surgery in the treatment of B3 lesions without atypia, providing thorough multidisciplinary discussion has taken place...

..The majority of cores are reported as benign (B1), normal (B2) or malignant (B5). The predictive value of the two borderline categories suspicious of malignancy (B4) and lesion of uncertain malignant potential (B3) was studied...

..Further studies are needed to investigate the difference in survival between medullary carcinoma and other forms of basal carcinomas and the role of inflammation in any such differences in behaviour...

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..The aim was to study a large series of B3 cases from population-based screening subjects in order to evaluate positive predictive values (PPVs) for malignancy...

..To assess whether basal phenotype influences the metastatic pattern and survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer...

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..No concordant allelic loss was demonstrated for D17S786 suggesting that germline mutations in p53 are unlikely in such cases of bilateral breast cancer...

..This effect is restricted to the volume of DCIS in the tissue surrounding the invasive lesion rather than the intratumoral component...

..However, the time duration to metachronous contralateral breast cancer did not have prognostic significance in a multivariate model compared with the prognostic features of the original primary...

..Detection of calcification suggestive of DCIS should remain an important part of mammographic screening...

..It is concluded that the inverse relationship between p27kip1 levels and histological grade and individual grade components suggests a role for p27kip1 in both cell proliferation and differentiation, but is not clinically useful...

..It also suggests that, in this group of breast cancers, the most common upstream regulator of AKT may be ER rather than PTEN, EGFR or Her2...

..These data were applied to a separate series of screen detected cancers...

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..In breast cancer, the presence of macrophages has been correlated with increased angiogenesis and poor prognosis but little information is available about the independent prognostic role of macrophages infiltrating breast carcinomas...

..To determine the frequency and pattern of metastatic disease as detected by staging computed tomography in patients presenting with locally advanced primary breast cancer, comparing non-inflammatory and inflammatory subtypes...

..These findings indicate that loss of CD59 may offer a selective advantage for breast cancers, resulting in more aggressive tumours and conferring a poor prognosis for patients...

..98). Ultrasound may be a suitable complimentary investigation, which will relieve symptoms in those with cysts and can detect small clinically--and sometimes mammographically--occult breast cancers...

..It would seem reasonable to consider staging the axilla at therapeutic surgery in these patients...

..It is likely that this is related to similar tumourogenic pathways occurring at equivalent exposure times to various environmental and hormonal influences, although, in a proportion of cases, inherited genetic factors may play a role...

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..In contrast to previous expressed opinions, neither mammography or grade were predictive. We have not identified any factor capable of predicting a higher likelihood of an invasive focus...

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..The use of common immunohistochemical stains such as various cytokeratin and myoepithelial markers, E-cadherin and hormone receptors is helpful in solving most of these diagnostic dilemmas...

..We also present a brief review of the literature and suggest a simple method for quantifying the degree of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in both the primary breast carcinoma and the lymph nodes...

..Within carcinomas, vascular BM staining for beta 2(lam) was clearly weaker than in normal tissues, which may reflect incomplete maturation of these vessels...

..In the future, other molecular markers such as C-erbB-2 might also prove beneficial in predicting response to newly developed treatments...

..The other findings imply that measurement of c-myc oncoprotein levels does not yield useful prognostic information...

..This study aimed to identify a profile of characteristics in elderly women with operable primary breast cancer and investigate the dynamics influencing the treatment decision-making process...

..This study aims to clarify the value of detecting DCIS at mammographic screening by assessing its biological characteristics and by comparing screen detected DCIS with a series of symptomatic DCIS lesions...

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..1 loss in breast cancer and thus another gene or genes at this region remain to be identified...

..These findings suggest a possible role for targeted therapy using adrenoceptor antagonists...

..Accuracy of mammography in predicting pathological extent of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)...

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..We have clearly confirmed the high frequency of ER-positive tumours in elderly patients. Further work is underway to assess long-term outcome and clinical relevance...

..Further studies are warranted to determine whether they play an oncogenic role in basal-like/triple-negative breast cancer development or are just surrogate markers for this subgroup...

..To identify features useful in distinguishing phyllodes tumours from fibroadenomas on core biopsy...

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..Simplification of staining assessment by modification to two staining groups still allows significant separation of patients into prognostic groups and incorporation into an existing prognostic index...

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..One previous study found Ca125 expression in 69% of invasive micropapillary carcinomas. The aim was to assess the frequency of expression of WT1 and Ca125 in invasive micropapillary carcinoma...

..We have determined prognostic factors for small screen-detected cancers in a univariate and multivariate fashion...

..IGF-1R inhibitors may also prove valuable in ER- patients, since considerable IGF-1R signalling activity was apparent within approximately 50% of such tumours...