C Eccleston

..Increasing data support the view that the pain management field may benefit from evolving toward incorporating a less control-oriented and more accommodating view of aversive private experiences in some circumstances...

..Psychological therapies are emerging as effective interventions to treat children with chronic or recurrent pain. This update adds recently published randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to the review published in 2009...

..The absence of guidance is particularly prominent for online research with children. Our objective is to outline ethical issues in e-health research with children and adolescents using two exemplar studies in pediatric pain research...

..To analyze content and quality of headache, abdominal pain, and dysmenorrhoea websites, and to thematically analyze online pain forums...

..In a population often desperate for a solution to distressing and debilitating pain conditions, there is considerable risk of individuals being misled...

....

..Aim: To determine the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary cognitive behavioural treatment for adolescents with chronic pain...

..To review the use of instruments to assess the impact of adolescent chronic pain, focussing on the development of instruments, the domains covered, psychometric properties, and published use with adolescent chronic pain patients...

..32, indicating that the psychological treatments examined are effective in reducing the pain of headache. The quality of the 18 trials retrieved is narratively reviewed and suggestions for the development of trials in this field are made...

..Further investigation is needed on the predictive validity of the subscales. Additional data from samples of patients with diagnoses that are not musculoskeletal in origin would be of great assistance...

..The implications of this model for research and therapy are outlined with an emphasis on the redefinition of chronic pain as chronic interruption...

..Pain intensity has a negative effect on this perception, but peer relations may play a protective role: strong peer relationships are associated with positive social comparisons of the level of social development...

..These findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications for the concept of hypervigilance and their clinical implications for chronic pain control...

..It is argued that adolescent emotional coping may best be understood within a relational context of seeking emotional support...

..The findings are discussed in terms of potential mechanisms through which catastrophizing might exert its negative impact upon pain and disability outcomes in children...

..The majority of improvements continued at 3-months post-treatment. Improvements in most outcomes during treatment were correlated with increases in acceptance, supporting the proposed process of treatment...

..A revised version of the CPAQ is suggested...

..Worry is, however, related to awareness of somatic sensations. These results are discussed within an attentional model in which worry functions to maintain vigilance to threat...

..Finally, results clearly showed a more prolonged processing time of the tones during pain trials than during control trials. These results are discussed in terms of cognitive theories of habituation...

..This research plays an important part in establishing an evidence base to inform service development, ensuring that chronic pain services do not exclude people on the basis of the severity of their disability...

..The results emphasise the need to measure multiple domains of functioning, and show that the connections between pain, physical disability and adaptive functioning are looser than might be predicted...

..These results are discussed in terms of how pain-related fear creates a hypervigilance to pain...

..The results are discussed in terms of the processes linking (1) catastrophizing to communicative pain behaviours and (2) pain to pain-related protective behaviours...

..Previous quantitative research has shown that parents of adolescents with chronic pain report elevated levels of emotional distress in addition to limitations in social and family functioning...

..Treatment outcome and process studies may demonstrate the potential for acceptance-based clinical methods for chronic pain management...

..The results are discussed within a context of a model of worry and chronic pain, in which worry about chronic pain may be functioning to promote awareness of an insoluble problem...

..Additional data from samples comprising fathers of adolescents with chronic pain and parents of adolescents with non-musculoskeletal pain would be of benefit...

..These results demonstrate that, in some instances, attempts at avoidance and control of chronic pain may be less helpful compared with a willingness to experience pain and focus on functioning...

..Results are discussed in terms of how a positive life despite pain may be preserved by a flexible adjustment of personal goals to current limitations and adversities...

..Previous studies have shown that catastrophic thinking about pain enhances attentional interference in healthy volunteers...

..Parental catastrophizing was associated with parental tendency to restrict their child's engagement in a painful test, and this relationship was mediated by parental distress...

..Results are discussed in terms of how a persistence in assimilative coping, even though the pain problem is insoluble, may increase hypervigilance, catastrophizing, distress and disability...

..Again, catastrophizers had marked interference immediately after onset. The results are discussed in terms of how catastrophizing amplifies somatosensory information and primes fear mechanisms...

..Results are discussed in terms of the social consequences of pain catastrophizing, and the variables contributing to the expression or suppression of pain display in children and its impact upon others...

..To investigate the value of pain catastrophizing in explaining pain, disability, and somatic complaints, beyond negative affectivity (NA)...

..It is concluded that acceptance of chronic pain is best conceived of as the shift away from pain to non-pain aspects of life, and the shift away from a search for a cure with an acknowledgement that pain may not change...

..As such, it appears to be multiply-determined, by beliefs, emotions, bodily sensations, and the social, cultural, and personal learning history that give these experiences their meaning and functions...

..For chronic pain patients, catastrophic thinking about pain was greater when assimilative coping was higher. These results are discussed within the context of a goal directed motivational model of adaptation to chronic pain...

..Issues relating to change at the level of frequency or content of psychological experiences are considered relative to change in the functions of these experiences...

..The study will focus on examining the population in which measures were developed, content, length, psychometric evaluation, and published use with this specific chronic pain population...

....

..While chronic pain is not well understood, there is emerging evidence that young people and their parents can recover from chronic disability, dependency and distress, and return to a normal life...

..The findings show that some questionnaires may measure the same latent construct. A measure could be developed to measure these 3 core components more concisely for both clinical and research purposes...

..Together these results not only suggest that gender is an important moderator of the relationship between emotional responses and disability, but that such associations may be related more to depression than anxiety...

..These findings are discussed in light of the relative role that these anxiety-related constructs have in pain and disability, as well as implications for future research...

..However, the current results are different from those previously reported. We discuss potential reasons for such differences...

..Extrapolating the mean total cost to estimated UK prevalence data of adolescent chronic pain demonstrates a cost-of-illness to UK society of approximately 3,840 million pounds in one year. The implications of the study are discussed...

..A robust measure of walking will enable accurate clinical assessment, and the investigation of psychosocial and biomechanical influences on walking quality, and of the communicative function of pain related movement...

....

..We discuss developmental aspects of acceptance in adolescents and clinical implications of these findings...

..These results provide further support for the 20-item, two-factor CPAQ and indicate that it is both theoretically and practically useful...

..More research examining potential sex differences in children and adolescents is recommended...

..The evidence for the effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy for adults with chronic pain is now well established. This treatment should be available as a core part of any chronic pain service...

..These results are discussed in the context of how to improve assessment of the chronic pain patient and improve the effectiveness of multidisciplinary CBT...

..For people with long-term health conditions, technological self-management systems could provide a practical method of understanding and monitoring their condition, as well as therapeutic guidance to alter maladaptive behaviour...

..Our results provide further evidence that catastrophic thinking enhances the attentional demand of pain, particularly resulting in difficulty disengaging from pain. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed...

..Our findings suggest that treatment approaches using attention techniques should not focus on preventing patients to shift their attention to the pain but rather on diminishing the threat value and learning to disengage from their pain...

..Clinical implications of these findings are discussed...

..We conclude that increasing the motivational relevance of the distraction task may increase the effects of distraction, especially for those who catastrophize about pain...

..Theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed...

..Psychol Aging 1990;5:58-67] and possible mechanisms for perseverance with ineffective solutions...

..Pain catastrophizing was also strongly related to recommendations to use EA from others, in particular from the midwife and from the gynecologist. Results are discussed in terms of the social impact of pain catastrophizing...

..The current operational use may unduly lead to a "psychologisation" of physical complaints...

..In this review, an overview of the assessment is presented and management of childhood chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions with reference to main research findings to date...

..In this paper, we investigated the effect of attentional set (i.e., the collection of task-related features that a person is monitoring in order to successfully pursue a goal) on pain...

..In order to identify the attentional components involved in the selection of pain signals over competing demands, we used an emotional modification of an exogenous cueing task...

..This biased attention largely disappeared during extinction. During the reinstatement phase attentional bias to threat signals re-emerged in the reinstatement group, but not in the control group...

..To identify which attentional tasks have the greatest potential to investigate the effect of pain on attention and provide recommendations for future research...

..The total scale score discriminated between trials globally judged as good and poor by experts, and trial quality was shown to be a function of year of publication. Uses for the scale are suggested...

..High quality, randomized, controlled trials with larger numbers of patients and standardized, clinically relevant routes of administration of ketamine are needed...

....