I J Deary

..This field of research is known as cognitive epidemiology. The causes of these associations are not understood...

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..The LBC1936 participants also have a detailed structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scan. A range of scientific findings is described, to illustrate the possible uses of the cohorts...

..Findings, however, have been inconsistent. This study investigates these associations in individuals who ranged in age from approximately 70 to 73 years...

..There are periods of time--especially the 1970s--during which almost no articles appeared on intelligence. The key articles and themes on intelligence differences are discussed in detail...

..To investigate whether and to what extent mortality is predictable from facial photographs of older people...

..62. These estimates, derived from rarely available data on lifetime cognitive measures, warrant the search for genetic causes of cognitive stability and change...

..Childhood intelligence predicts mortality throughout most of the life span. However, it is unknown whether its effect persists into advanced old age...

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..However, an association between brain size and intelligence may be due to the persistence of this relationship from earlier life...

..Non-pathological cognitive ageing is a distressing condition affecting an increasing number of people in our 'ageing society'. Oxidative stress is hypothesised to have a major role in cellular ageing, including brain ageing...

..Finding the mechanisms that relate psychometric intelligence to mortality might help in formulating effective interventions to reduce inequalities in health...

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..This study confirms social attitudes as a major, novel field of adult human activity that is related to childhood intelligence differences...

..The possibility that this result might be a selection effect was not supported by the samples being in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with respect to the distribution of NCSTN genotypes...

..There is also evidence that brain efficiency correlates positively with intelligence...

..fMRI can thus reveal information about the neural correlates of mental events which occur over very short durations...

..Neither nonverbal reasoning nor verbal fluency were affected. In this sample, APOE genotype contributed to verbal memory in old age...

..91) and rs846910-A/G (p=.90) between the groups. We conclude that these variants in HSD11B1 are not significant contributors to the range of cognitive ageing examined here...

..Inspection time, the marker that was least dependent on childhood intelligence, should be considered further as one biomarker of cognitive aging...

..Variation in the KLOTHO gene is a possible contributor to life-long reasoning differences in humans and/or to the ageing of non-verbal reasoning, especially in women...

..There is growing appreciation that factors affecting general bodily ageing also influence cognitive functions in old age...

..A limitation of many studies is the lack of a sufficiently long period between cognitive assessments to examine determinants. Here, the aim is to examine influences on cognitive ageing between childhood and old age...

..A short guide is given to the main statistical techniques used by differential psychologists in the study of human mental abilities. There is a discussion of common epidemiological concepts in the context of cognitive epidemiology...

..To test the hypothesis that physical fitness is associated with more successful cognitive aging...

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..After an overview of candidate gene associations with intelligence test scores, there is a discussion of whole-genome linkage and association studies, the first of which have only recently appeared...

..To test the hypothesis that white matter integrity, as measured by diffusion tensor and magnetization transfer MRI is significantly associated with cognitive ability measured in youth and old age...

..Here, we describe the human intelligence phenotype, summarise the evidence for its heritability, provide an overview of and comment on molecular genetic studies, and comment on future progress in the field...

..The same mental ability difference of about 5 IQ points was found, and was not accounted for by father's occupation, overcrowding in the childhood home, childhood height, school attendance or the number of people in the family...

..68 in men and women. One hundred years after its conception, Spearman's other hypothesis achieves some confirmation. The association between general intelligence and general sensory ability remains to be replicated and explained...

..However, current progress in genetic knowledge, technology and informatics will contribute to progress in this important area...

..Grip strength and reasoning are associated in old age. This is one of the few longitudinal studies addressing whether aging of one causes decline in the other or whether they share causal influences...

..Some of this effect might be due to hypertension. This contribution is independent of mental function in early life and is associated with general cognitive ability...

..More generally, the degree to which intelligence has become a part of broader research in neuroscience, health, and social science is discussed...

..41). Studied together for the first time in a representative sample, these two psychological variables are independent life-course risk factors for mortality. It is important to discover the mechanisms by which they influence survival...

..The new century is likely to see a continuation of this re-emphasis on explaining human ability differences...

..This suggests that it is in part the patients' perception of their own voice quality which accounts for the association of voice production and psychological factors in subjects presenting to voice clinics...

..The new task's parameters are reliable, and have very high correlations with the existing task. We also provide instructions for downloading and using the new reaction time programme, and we encourage other researchers to use it...

..We recommend greater clarity in stating underlying assumptions and developing analytical approaches and greater objectivity in interpreting results. We discuss implications for study designs...

..The aim of this series of studies was to devise and validate a patient-derived inventory of voice symptoms for use as a sensitive assessment tool of (i) baseline pathology and (ii) response to change in adult dysphonia clinics...

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..All results are also presented so that they are valuable for future meta-analyses of candidate genes for cognition...

..To determine the association between lifetime severe hypoglycaemia and late-life cognitive ability in older people with Type 2 diabetes...

..Blood inflammatory markers have been shown to predict late-life cognition, although the mechanism through which this occurs is unknown...

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..CONCLUSION: In this 1921 birth cohort, social class and birth weight have independent effects on cognitive function at age 11. Future research will relate these childhood data to health and cognition in old age...

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..048). There is little evidence to suggest an association between SNPs in the inflammation-related genes IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, TCF-1 and F13A1 and cognition in an elderly population of community-dwelling Scottish citizens...

..However, other diabetes-related factors, such as macrovascular disease, hypertension and depression, may contribute more to previously observed cognitive decrements in Type 2 diabetes...

..This study tested the contemporaneous associations between these two markers of rheology and cognitive ability and estimated lifetime cognitive change in an elderly population with type 2 diabetes...

..Our results therefore support involvement of the dysbindin gene in cognitive function, but further work is needed to clarify the specific functional variants involved and the cognitive abilities with which they are associated...

..This study indicates that BDNF genotype contributes to age-related changes in reasoning skills, which are closely related to general intelligence...

..04) in the analysis not controlling for IQ. Neither of these tests was significant when a correction for multiple testing was applied. APOE e4 does not influence memory abilities in a normal population of 70-year-olds...

..In addition, the routine assessment of hypoglycaemia symptoms in the diabetic clinic is emphasized as an important part of the regular review of people with diabetes who are treated with insulin...

..Many psycho-social factors can affect the glycaemic control of children with Type 1 diabetes, but the influence of the intelligence of the child and their parents has not been reported...

..On the basis of these results, it can be surmised that many complex attention tasks relevant to everyday life are impaired during moderate hypoglycemia...

..Therefore, COMT genotype may contribute to differences in normal cognitive aging and to differences in some of the major personality traits in old age...

..In this sample, smoking makes a small (<1% variance) independent negative contribution to cognitive aging...

..05): The correlation between childhood ability and speed was lower in e4 allele carriers. APOE has an influence on nonverbal cognition in old age and interacts with childhood IQ to influence processing speed...

..To investigate the association between caffeine consumption and cognitive outcomes in later life...

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..It is likely therefore that many complex cognitive tasks which involve attention will be impaired during moderate hypoglycaemia during everyday life...

..The aim of the study was to identify risk factors for depression and anxiety in a well-characterised cohort of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus...

..This study assessed whether moderate hypoglycaemia disrupts learning and recall in isolation, and utilised a novel test of prospective memory which may better reflect the role of memory in daily life than conventional tests...

..To investigate the influence of reaction time and cognition on the risk of death from cause-specific mortality and to examine whether any association found remains after adjustment for available socioeconomic, lifestyle, and health factors...

..We examined the potential relation of mental ability test scores at age 10 years with alcohol problems and alcohol intake at age 30 years...

..The APOE epsilon4 genotype is associated with specific cognitive disadvantage in young women with type 1 diabetes. APOE epsilon4 is unlikely to mediate susceptibility to hypoglycemia-induced cognitive disadvantage...

..This study examines the association between childhood IQ and a range of established physiological and behavioural risk factors for premature mortality in adulthood. Design,..

..These findings are of practical importance because intermittent or chronic hyperglycemia is common in people with type 2 diabetes and may interfere with many daily activities through adverse effects on cognitive function and mood...

..63, p < 0.001) and without (r = 0.60, p < 0.001) dementia. These findings validate the NART as an estimator of premorbid ability in mild to moderate dementia...

..These findings have important implications for the education of parents and children with Type 1 diabetes regarding the symptoms and signs of hypoglycaemia...

..There is an increasing choice of voice outcome research tools, but good comparative data are lacking...

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..Psychiatric symptoms of perceptual disturbance--such as hallucinations, illusions and misperceptions--are common in delirium, suggesting that patients may have deficits in the cognitive systems underlying visual perception...

..Identifying the determinants of cognitive aging is a research priority; however, few studies are able to examine the influence of pre-morbid cognitive ability on later changes in cognitive function...

..Among younger adults, higher memory ability was also associated with lower risk of dying. The cognition-mortality relationship may be explained in part by the brain's efficiency of information processing and memory performance...

..More generally for studies in genetics, the methodological innovation developed here implies that large (national) data collections can provide sufficient information on twin pairs to estimate genetic parameters, even without zygosity...

..To investigate how childhood mental ability (IQ) is related to mortality and morbidity risk, when socioeconomic factors are also considered...

..To investigate the relations between premorbid and current mental ability, mood, and white matter signal abnormalities detected by T2 weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and impairment of balance and mobility in older adults...

..To examine the influence of neuroticism and extraversion on all-cause and cause-specific mortality over 21 years after controlling for risk factors...

..CONCLUSIONS: In healthy older men, higher plasma cortisol levels are associated with worse ageing-related overall cognitive change but not ageing-related brain atrophy...

..We investigated differential effects of premorbid cognitive ability on dementia subtypes to clarify which causal pathway was predominant...

..To examine the relation of scores on tests of mental ability across childhood with established risk factors for premature mortality at the age of 30 years...

..034 and 0.043, respectively). Women homozygous for the Cys allele had significantly lower cognitive ability scores than men at age 79, p = 0.003. Variation in DISC1 may therefore affect cognitive aging especially in women...

..Screening for a low ABI can identify an asymptomatic higher risk group potentially amenable to preventive treatments...

..To test whether socio-economic status and disease burden influence blood pressure in older adults...

..We examined the effects of acute insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on psychomotor function in non-diabetic volunteers and in adults with type 1 diabetes...

..Executive function may be the cognitive domain most sensitive to age-related decline in white matter tract integrity...

..05). These associations were not replicated in ET2DS (all P > 0.1). If the positive associations withstand, then this study could suggest that higher uric acid levels may be associated with increased performance on memory-related tasks...

..vascular risk factors and diseases can negatively impact cognitive function. Determinants of blood flow are implicated in thrombogenesis and ischaemic events, yet little is known about their relationship with cognition...

..Performing the PASOT was significantly less aversive; teh PASAT induced more negative feelings of Tense Arousal (t38 = -4.52, p < .001)...

..To examine whether personality traits are related to all-cause mortality in a general adult population in Scotland...

..In future studies, it is important to consider other pathways which may account for variance in the link between childhood IQ and health in later life...

..We conclude that the intellectual challenges experienced during life, such as education and occupation, accumulate reserve and allow cognitive function to be maintained in old age...

..To test the hypothesis that IQ is a fundamental cause of socioeconomic inequalities in health...