Roger Butlin

..This species has evolved canalized ecotypes but, nevertheless, the ecotypes show some phenotypic plasticity for the traits under divergent selection between wave-exposed and high-predation habitats...

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..We suggest that it is more productive to study the current balance between local adaptation and gene flow, the interaction between components of reproductive isolation and the genetic basis of differentiation...

..I consider three models for the role of locally restricted recombination in speciation and the evidence currently supporting them...

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..If this base-composition bias is maintained by selection, it too should alter following transitions in reproductive mode. Analysis reveals no such change in the genomes of D. pulex...

..montana populations could have provided the opportunity for differentiation observed in male signal traits, especially carrier frequency of the song, but relaxation of sexual selection during population expansion may have been necessary...

..The implications of these results for understanding gene flow in another important and comparable group of malaria vector mosquitoes in Africa, the An. gambiae complex, are also discussed...

..This idea potentially removes a major stumbling block to speciation under continuous gene flow...

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..Genetic variation is high within populations and significant geographical structure was detected at both population and regional levels. In the larger samples, the distributions of haplotypes suggest recent population expansion...

..The presence of An. aconitus in Hainan and Yunnan Provinces is confirmed, but the occurrence of An. varuna Iyengar and An. fluviatilis James, which were previously recorded in China, could not be verified...

..Although many transitions appear to be ancient, we argue that this may be an artefact of the existence of unsampled or extinct sexual lineages...

..In turn this suggests that they might reside within genomic regions of low recombination, or be closely linked with each other...

..dirus D so enabling it to accumulate some population differentiation. In the latter case the lack of migration-drift equilibrium precludes the inference of absolute or relative values of gene flow in An. dirus A and D...

..These results suggest a role for premating isolation in maintaining both the mosaic structure and bimodality of this hybrid zone...

..The biometrical approaches used here tend to underestimate the number of factors influencing a trait but provide valuable background for subsequent quantitative trait loci analyses...

..Exciting new results on ancient asexual organisms show that lineages can persist for many millions of generations without recombination. Understanding how they do so might well provide crucial new insights into the problem of sex...

..fluviatilis forms V and X, respectively. The distributions of members of the An. fluviatilis and An. minimus complexes in south-central Asia are summarized...

..Although a time frame cannot be reliably inferred for the vicariance event leading to the three genetic clades, molecular clock estimates place this at approximately 1 Myr before present...

..It is open for additional deposition of sequence information for L. saxatilis and other species of the genus Littorina. The LSD is available at http://mbio-serv2.mbioekol.lu.se/Littorina/...

..Follow-up investigations into these proteins and unannotated outliers will be a promising route in the study of ecological speciation in L. saxatilis...

..Our data contrast with recent observations on 'speciation genes' that have diverged as a result of strong natural selection...

..Conservation of swarming sites that support potentially large populations is discussed...

..These initial results confirm the potential for QTL mapping of behavioural traits in zebrafish and also for dissecting the consequences of selection during domestication...

..The implications of these results for the evolution of NOR number in Chorthippus are discussed...

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..A narrow-sense heritability estimate of 0.40 was obtained, with no apparent dominance effects...

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..They demonstrate an approach that can be applied to follow up genome scans in other taxa and they show that the genome scan approach can lead rapidly to candidate genes in nonmodel organisms...

..These features are consistent either with an episode of allopatric divergence followed by secondary contact or with primary, nonallopatric divergence. Further data will be needed to distinguish between these alternatives...

..5 Myr of divergence. With respect to the process of concerted evolution, we show that homogenization of repeats is slow relative to speciation, and the standing variation among individuals is sufficient for selection to operate...

..These may prove to underlie differences in the ecology and behaviour of these diverse species...

..bovis moved significantly farther than did uninfected badgers. A disease control strategy that included culling would need to take account of the potentially negative epidemiological consequences of increased badger dispersal...

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..These results provide novel insight into the genetic architecture of the regulation of behavioural as well as morphological phenotypes and call for more studies of epistasis for this group of traits...