M Booth

..These results indicate that genetic background has a prominent influence on the posttreatment Th2 immune response to S. mansoni Ags, as well as a downstream association with long-term reinfection levels...

..Here, it is argued that a variety of factors have led to this confusion but that many problems might be helped by more deliberate consideration of residential location and spatial aspects of exposure in parasitological surveys...

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..The present analysis focused on the possibility that exposure to malaria infection may have limited the resolution of hepatosplenomegaly in a cohort of Kenyan schoolchildren...

..Here, we have investigated whether relatively high exposure to both infections has a clinically measurable effect on this condition...

..This parameter should therefore be a routine measurement during epidemiological surveys of S. mansoni...

..These results demonstrate that periportal fibrosis is associated with cytokine production profiles that vary with both age and gender...

..If confirmed in other settings, these findings have implications for estimating the prevalence of multiple species helminth infections, and hence the design and implementation of efficacious and cost-effective control programmes...

..IgG4-SEA and IgG4-SWA were both strongly correlated with egg count. Patterns of IgE-SWA responses were qualitatively different to IgG4 responses, suggesting independent pathways of regulation...

..mansoni infected children, compared to those without detectable S. mansoni and malarial infections, but exposed to malaria, suggest that S. mansoni infection may augment the underlying inflammatory reaction...

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..We investigated the role of chronic malaria in childhood hepatosplenomegaly in the presence and absence of concurrent S. mansoni infection...

..To explore patterns of water contact and Schistosoma mansoni exposure by age, sex, tribe and space within a single village...

..This study shows that hepatosplenomegaly associated with chronic exposure to malaria and schistosomiasis is not a benign symptom amongst school-aged children but has potential long-term health consequences...

..Such information and operational capacity are needed to facilitate much needed schistosomiasis control programmes, such as the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative that was launched in Uganda in 2003...

..mansoni and during acute human infections, chronic intense exposure to and infection with S. mansoni in this cohort resulted in very low levels of response to SEA in vitro in the presence of a vigorous and mixed Th1-Th2 response to SWA...

..Moreover, it is possible that infection intensity-dependent levels of plasma IL-10 may be involved in the prevention of treatment-induced anaphylactic reactions...

..mansoni, even with continuing exposure to malaria. The lack of complete resolution of hepatosplenomegaly in most children suggests, among other things, a residual organomegaly attributable to malaria...

..These results indicate that hepatosplenic disease in school-aged children attributable to S. mansoni infection, involving hepatosplenomegaly and increased portal vein diameter, can occur in the absence of peri-portal fibrosis...

..Recent studies suggest helminth infections may increase susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum infection. If confirmed, this increased susceptibility could be particularly important during pregnancy-induced immunosuppression...

..In areas where both schistosome and hookworm coexist, and praziquantel is being recommended for schistosomiasis control, large-scale application of this drug might also reduce the burden of hookworms...