Raj S Bhopal

..The recommended behavioural changes fit with this model, which brings clarity to guide future research, policy, practice and health promotion...

..European research on ethnic variations in cardiovascular disease has mostly examined mortality endpoints using country of birth as a proxy for ethnicity. We report on chest pain and angina by ethnic group...

..Ethnic variations in stroke require more European studies, especially as differences are reportedly large...

..Important differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality by country of birth have been shown within European countries. We now focus on CVD mortality by specific country of birth across European countries...

..The research community needs an infrastructure within which to collect and utilize evidence. Research can help migrant and ethnic minority groups to participate more fully in our multi-ethnic societies...

..This reach is unprecedented for IEA's World Congresses. We anticipate that the Congress will translate into better public health practice, better future Congresses, advances in epidemiology and improved population health...

..The paper concludes that there are massive global inequalities in the use of migration status and ethnicity as epidemiological variables, to the detriment of global health. A strategic approach to improve matters is outlined...

..Scotland's record is, nonetheless, comparatively strong in Europe. Sharing experience across national boundaries should spur on progress globally...

..Ratios were multiplied by 100. Risk ratios were adjusted for age and highest education qualification. Statements of difference imply the 95% CI excludes 100 (reference), otherwise the CI is given...

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..In addition, we will assess the impact of the intervention on adherence to smoking cessation treatments and patient satisfaction...

..There is a clear need for intervention studies among these populations in Europe...

..However, suitable and accurate data are usually not available. We demonstrated, using acute myocardial infarction, that linkage techniques can be ethical and potentially useful for this purpose...

..A dialogue between policy makers, funders, researchers and practitioners is needed urgently as a precursor to engaging the public...

..Analysis of these and other common mistakes is needed to benefit from the increasing discovery of associations that will be multiplying as data mining, linkage, and large-scale scale epidemiology become commonplace...

..Health professionals need to find the benefits of exploring differences while avoiding social division. Advances in health care, public health and medical science will follow...

..To assess the adequacy of cross cultural adaptations of survey questions on self reported tobacco and alcohol consumption in the United Kingdom...

..Interaction between science philosophers, epidemiologists, and public health practitioners may be valuable...

..This glossary focuses on the concepts and terminology used in the study of the health of minority ethnic and racial groups. It is hoped that it will stimulate debate on this subject so that an internationally applicable glossary may emerge...

..The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence that coronary heart disease risk is higher in South Asians than in comparative 'white' populations, particularly seeking studies of incidence...

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..Such diversity may ease unification or could exacerbate existing political and economic tensions. It behooves us to take the actions now that will make Europe a more cohesive and successful place in the years to come...

..The methods and lessons are applicable internationally...

..We investigated approaches to bolster recruitment of South Asians into UK asthma studies through qualitative research with US and UK researchers, and UK community leaders...

..South Asian populations in the United Kingdom have a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Risk prediction models appear to be inaccurate in South Asians...

..The essence of such modifications entails participatory research with members of the linguistic communities concerned...

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..The aim of the study was to examine ethnic differences in cortisol levels and to compare the relationships between cortisol levels and cardiovascular risk factors in men from different ethnic groups...

..Excess adiposity centrally may underlie such metabolic disturbances. The thrifty genotype, thrifty phenotype, adipose tissue compartment and variable disease selection hypotheses are among the explanations posed...

..As background, we also extracted all-cause mortality from the studies that met our criteria...

..Despite the growing emphasis on the inclusion of ethnic minority patients in research, there is little published on the recruitment of these populations especially to randomised, community based, lifestyle intervention trials in the UK...

..We report on a qualitative evaluation of a community-based, outreach worker delivered, intervention that aimed to increase uptake of NHS smoking cessation services and tailor services to meet the needs of Bangladeshi and Pakistani men...

..Khush Dil was set up in Edinburgh in 2002 to manage cardiovascular risk factors in South Asians. We assessed its impact in an in-service evaluation...

..To examine the care experiences of South Asian Sikh and Muslim patients in Scotland with life limiting illness and their families and to understand the reasons for any difficulties with access to services and how these might be overcome...

..Limited evidence is available about the contribution of job characteristics to the increased risk of CHD in UK South Asian people. We aimed to describe psychosocial work characteristics in South Asian compared with European people...

..3 vs. 3%, respectively). Therefore, the N363S polymorphism is unlikely to be an important factor in obesity and/or dysmetabolic traits in people of South Asian origin living in the United Kingdom...

..The greatest need is for multi-disciplinary research which uses the most appropriate approach for each investigation, rather than that with which researchers are most familiar...

..We advocate further multidisciplinary research to advance methodological developments for understanding spatial environment-health relationships...