D Benton

..It was concluded that individual differences in glucose tolerance interact with the glycaemic load of a meal to influence cognitive functioning...

..There is a need in future research to contrast the impact of carbohydrate on mood in those distinguished because of their pre-existing psychological and physiological functioning...

..The adverse effect of a small breakfast was reversed by the consumption of a mid-morning snack...

..The importance of the results was discussed in the context of the wide range of factors that influence behaviour in school...

..The ability to sustain attention was not significantly influenced by whether water had been drunk...

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..Supplements containing high doses of B vitamins may be more effective in improving mood states. Questions about optimal levels of micronutrient intake, optimal doses, and active ingredients arise...

..After 50 d, recently acquired information was more likely to be forgotten by those who had consumed DHA. No significant differences in mood, reaction times, vigilance or visual acuity were found...

..As such, the preliminary reports in double-blind placebo-controlled trials that aspects of cognition and behaviour respond to supplementation with multi-micronutrients may indicate the way forward...

..Placing diet into a broader social and psychological context greatly increases the chance of generating significant findings. This report highlights and reviews presentations and discussions at the symposium...

..On a number of occasions, better memory was associated with lower blood glucose levels. These findings support previous observations that better glucose tolerance was associated with better memory...

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..After lunch, if more than 4.5 g alcohol had been drunk the previous evening, the RAG breakfast, but neither the SAG meal nor fasting, resulted in a more confused feeling...

..Reactions were not observed in all members of groups chosen because they share a common behavioural designation or diagnosis...

..To consider the hypothesis that addiction to food, or more specifically sucrose, plays a role in obesity and eating disorders...

..In fact meta-analysis of well designed studies that have examined the impact of sucrose on the behavior of children produced no evidence that it has an adverse influence...

..After drinking a glucose containing drink, children aged 9-11 years were found to have better memories and spent more time on task when working in class, although the ability to sustain attention was not influenced...

..The impact on mood and memory of consuming a probiotic containing milk drink, or a placebo, was examined as, previously, a poor mood has been found to correlate with the frequency of constipation...

..In the short term, there is increasing evidence that the missing of breakfast has negative consequences late in the morning. A working hypothesis is that meals of a low rather than high glycaemic load are beneficial...

..Neither mood nor the ability to sustain attention were influenced by these procedures. The hypothesis that memory would be facilitated by offering supplements of lecithin, carnitine and glucose was not supported...

..The suggestion that mood during the morning might influence food choice at mid-day was considered but no association was found...

..In four double-blind studies an improvement in thiamine status was associated with improved mood. Iron deficiency anaemia is common, particularly in women, and is associated with apathy, depression and rapid fatigue when exercising...

..The topic is at a very early stage and needs the clarification gained from a series of large-scale studies that consider children of a wide range of ages, dietary styles and social backgrounds...

..Irrespective of dietary style, the supplementation of creatine decreased the variability in the responses to a choice reaction-time task...

..The study for the first time reports an improvement in mood following PS supplementation in a sub-group of young healthy adults...

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..In these studies children, eating and drinking as normal, have been tested on occasions when they have and not have consumed a drink. After a drink both memory and attention have been found to be improved...

..It appears that breakfast consumption influences cognition via several mechanisms, including an increase in blood glucose...

..In three studies, with three cognitive tasks, the Stroop Task, Rapid Information Processing Task, and a difficult test of hand-eye coordination, falling blood glucose was associated with feeling less energetic...

..Implications for the interpretation of pharmacological studies using the PR procedure are also discussed...

..The effect with reactions times differed from memory in that a greater intake of carbohydrate resulted in faster responses later in the morning...

..CONCLUSION: Although performances appeared to be only remotely related to blood glucose, our data provide evidence that a low GI breakfast allows better cognitive performances later in the morning...

..Because pure sources of carbohydrate will be rarely consumed, the possibility that foods of different glycemic indices will modify mood and memory is briefly considered...

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..To investigate the association between breastfeeding duration and socio-economic status as measured by the English and Welsh Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)...

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..To investigate body image concerns and psycho-emotional health in females with acquired brain injury (ABI)...

..It is inevitable that the form of the test used will need to be chosen carefully for the population being studied...

..Where appropriate the main themes and conclusions are summarized and attention is drawn to review articles that allow those interested to go further...

..The controversial suggestions that sub-clinical deficiencies of micronutrients may in industrialized societies influence anti-social behavior and intelligence are also discussed...

..If this model is accurate, diet is influential throughout the entire lifespan, and this has substantial methodological implications for the study of the topic...

..The finding that ABI has a negative effect on body image and that this relates to psycho-emotional health should be investigated further, perhaps being included in future rehabilitation strategies...

..The effects are comparable to the effects obtained in younger groups, while there is only weak evidence for specific compensatory effects in aged persons. Finally the role of nutrition for the processes of healthy aging is discussed...

..General methods of cognitive assessment, selection of appropriate tests, factors that may mediate task performance and issues pertaining to the interpretation of the results are discussed...

..While this is clearly important, this article focuses on the possible longer term, cultural, career, service, education and regulatory impact of this initiative...