R H Anderson

..This could serve as an important control of both ventricular mural thickening and intracavitary shape...

..The purpose of our study was to establish a comprehensive and easy-to-use classification of CHD for clinical and epidemiological studies based on the long list of the International Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code (IPCCC)...

..Prognosis is defined by the associated malformations, and on the timing and approach to palliative surgical care...

..As the strategies for surgical and medical management have progressed, the morbidity and mortality of those born with tetralogy of Fallot in the current era is expected to be significantly improved...

..This pattern, while very rare, needs to be recognized as one possible phenotype in this very common clinical presentation...

..We recognize, nonetheless, that such changes will take many years to be put into practice, if at all...

....

..The three-dimensional arrangement of the mesh also serves to account for the realignment of the myocytes that must take place during ventricular contraction so as to account for the extent of systolic mural thickening...

..All the available evidence, nonetheless, shows that these helical patterns are to be found throughout the walls, and in no way constitute a unique myocardial band...

..Abnormal formation of this area accounts for the various types of aortoventricular tunnel. In our brief review, we show how the anatomy of these lesions correlates with development of the outflow tract...

....

..There are also marked differences in arrangement, also described by Tawara, between the disposition of the conduction axis in man as compared to the dog...

..In this setting, we also discuss the morphological features that distinguish between working myocytes and the myocytes of the conduction system, stressing the importance of rules established almost 100 years ago...

....

....

..Full analysis of ventricular morphology, therefore, requires attention not only to component make-up, but also size...

..Several important differences were observed between the innervation of the pig heart compared with the human heart. These differences may have implications for the function of donor transgenic pig hearts within human recipients...

..The slow and fast pathways into the atrioventricular node are composed or ordinary atrial myocardium, the orientation of the fibers probably producing preferential conduction...

..Several potentially significant differences exist between porcine and human hearts. It is important that these differences are considered as the arguments continue concerning the use of transgenic pig hearts for xenotransplantation...

..Unlike the human, there is little distinction between the apical trabeculations of the left and right ventricles of the mouse heart...

..The cases emphasize that for a full description of a congenitally malformed heart, it is often necessary to account for the topology of each segment as well as the connections (or alignment) among the segments...

..This contrasts with the formation of the upper rim, which occurs as a result of an infolding of the atrial wall itself...

..Instead, clinicians use as surrogate a projected line between the eustachian valve and the central fibrous body. The constancy of the tendon of Todaro within this border remains to be determined...

..The nosology developed is able to serve as a guide to the surgeon to the site of the specialized axis for atrioventricular conduction...

..The tributaries of the systemic venous sinus and the primary atrial septal structures develop around the dorsal connection...

..Both trisomies are associated with atrioventricular septal defects, but the precise morphology in the mouse remains unclear. We have therefore characterised cardiac morphology in the mouse with Ts16...

..To establish if the mouse with trisomy 16 is a suitable animal model with which to elucidate the development of a common atrioventricular junction...

..The superior margin of the newly formed secondary foramen is produced by an infolding of the atrial walls. Historically these mechanisms received appropriate recognition, but not all receive their proper due in current writings...

..In addition, we examined the temporal sequence of incorporation of the initially solitary pulmonary vein to the stage at which four venous orifices opened to the left atrium...

..It is important that we are aware of these findings in view of the future use of transgenic pig hearts in human xenotransplantation...

..The feasibility of treating atrial fibrillation with radiofrequency ablation has revived interest in the structure of the left atrium, a chamber that has been neglected in many textbooks of anatomy...

..These results suggest that BMP-2/4 function may mediate several key events during cardiac development...

..Based on our experience, we have been able to establish guidelines that direct the clinician to the likely location of the conduction tissues...

..Owing to the rarity of aorto-left ventricular tunnel, surgical experience with this condition is generally limited. The anatomic configuration remains to be clarified in the light of better understanding of the normal aortic root...

..Preferential conduction more likely reflects the arrangement of the working internodal cells and their related cellular properties...

..We believe that this is vital, since unraveling this complex process holds the key to the understanding of many of the congenital malformations that may afflict the valves...

..Seeking potential structural causes, we compared the morphology of the surgically created septal leaflet of the left valve following repair of atrioventricular septal defects to the aortic leaflet of the normal mitral valve...

..Experimental work in animal models provides several candidate transcription factors and signalling molecules that could, in theory, cause ventricular non-compaction if disrupted...

..We emphasise the fact that a solid understanding of cardiac anatomy can enable those involved in fetal medicine to make full use of the views of the heart that are obtained by ultrasound and which are often only transient...

..Through subcostal windows, useful information about the spatial relationships between major cardiac structures can be acquired. However, to offer detailed information, considerable improvement in imaging quality is needed...

..Ascertainment of risk factors for poor outcome is an important step if an improvement in outcome is to be achieved...

....

..Consequently, the trisomic embryos show incomplete formation of both the atrial and the atrioventricular septal structures...

..We suggest that the double-sided arch arises as a primary defect in the Lp mutant, unrelated to the alignment defects, perhaps reflecting a role for the (as-yet-unknown) Lp gene in maintenance/regression of the aortic arch system...

..These should be taken into account when investigating hearts from patients known to have had a history of arrhythmias, in devising computer models, or when refining diagnostic and therapeutic strategies...

..The presence of unusual great arterial positions should alert the surgeon to potentially complicated arrangements of the origin and distribution of the coronary arteries...

....

..We used the iv/iv mouse mutant, which is known to be pertinent to this problem, to evaluate the relations of cardiac defects with atrial, venous, and other visceral morphologies...

..We describe and illustrate the anatomic features of this well-recognized entity, discuss the embryological substrate, and refer to the clinical implications...

..It gains its connection to the morphologically left atrium between the right- and left-sided systemic venous tributaries...

..We suggest that those teaching cardiac anatomy in medical schools should also insist on the use of attitudinally appropriate nomenclature when describing the heart, as is currently the case for all other structures in the body...

..Other than nodal remnants found within the tricuspid vestibule, them are no other histologically discrete tracts to be found within the atrial myocardium...

..Expression of Fas and FasL corresponds to these low-intensity foci, but not those with high-intensity, suggesting that activation of this death receptor may be specifically involved in molecular control of the low-intensity foci...

..When using this policy, the surgical results can be as good for the complicated variant as for the isolated form...

..When feasible, techniques avoiding both extensive muscle resection and excessive traction should be applied during resection of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction...

..We speculate that either turbulences created by the patch used to close the ventricular septal defect, or postoperative modifications of ventricular geometry, were responsible for producing this unusual complication...

..The postoperative course was uneventful. On follow-up, the patient is asymptomatic without medication...

..We sought to describe the clinical utility of MPR of 3D echocardiography for analysis of congenitally malformed hearts...

..This asymmetrical action of inotropes in the setting of global ventricular imbalance promotes the potential to restore constrictive as opposed to dilatory actions...

..We will then describe how the variations in that interrelationship may result in malalignment and deviation of the outlet septum, emphasising the surgical implications of these specific features...

....

..We propose that heterozygosity for mutations in different genes in the planar cell polarity pathway may be an important mechanism for congenital heart defects and cardiomyopathy in humans...

....

..Due to myocardial insufficiency transthoracic extracorporeal membrane oxygenation had to be commenced at the end of surgery. Unfortunately the child died due to severe intracranial hemorrhage...

..We studied the segmental arrangements in such lesions and clarified the valvar morphology, particularly its surgical implications...

..We used the technique of peeling of myocardial aggregates, usually described as 'fibres', to determine the spatial arrangement of the myocytes in the left ventricular wall of a healthy autopsied human heart...

..In this setting, partial left ventriculectomy remains a functionally sound intervention, since it is capable of improving global ventricular function by improving the geometrical state of the remaining anatomic myocardial units...

..This appearance reflects the presence, in this patient, of right ventricular origin of a solitary arterial trunk, so that there was no outflow tract within the left ventricle to interpose between the mitral valve and the septum...

..All these regions are derived from primary myocardium, providing a molecular basis for the observed nonrandom distribution of focal right atrial tachycardias...

..The tricuspid septal leaflet then delaminates from the muscular ventricular septum late in development...

..Anatomic and electrical connections between the left atrium and right atrium (RA) have been described. The relationship between coronary sinus (CS) pacing site and RA activation has not been examined...

..We describe the morphologic variability in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PAIVS) within a population-based study...

..To establish the prevalence of coronary arterial abnormalities in mid-trimester fetuses with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, and whether their presence correlates with right ventricular morphology...

....

..Despite this, the arrangement of the remaining thoracic and abdominal organs, as well as the patterns of venous drainage, was almost completely mirror imaged...

..The existence of the spatially netted structure of the ventricular mass, therefore, must invalidate any attempt to conceptualise the ventricular myocardium as a tertiary arrangement of individual myocardial bands or tracts...