A M Johnstone

..All studies agree that variation in fat-free mass (FFM) plays a major role, but effects of fat mass (FM), age, sex, and the hormones leptin, triiodothyrionine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) remain uncertain...

..Altering the macronutrient composition of the diet influences hunger and satiety. Studies have compared high- and low-protein diets, but there are few data on carbohydrate content and ketosis on motivation to eat and ad libitum intake...

..This review asks the following three questions, pertinent to any weight-loss therapy, (i) how effective is the regime in achieving weight loss, (ii) what impact does it have on psychology? and finally, (iii) does it work long-term?..

..However, because body composition is a key influencing factor, there will be error in calculating an individual's basal requirements based on this prediction...

..We assessed the effect of graded increases in exercised-induced energy expenditure (EE) on appetite, daily energy intake (EI), total daily EE and body weight in six lean women using a within-subject, repeated measures design...

..To examine the effect of increasing the variety of sensorially distinct but nutritionally identical foods on appetite, food intake and body weight, over 7 days, in men...

..These changes were significant, small but persistent, amounting to approximately 0.2 and approximately 0.35 MJ/day for EI and EE, respectively...

..However, subjects appear to exhibit a significantly more constrained use of the scale when using the EARS relative to the P&P. For this reason it is recommended that the two techniques are not used interchangeably...

..These data suggest that the EARS is a useful and reliable technique for real-time data collection in appetite research but that it should not be used interchangeably with paper and pen techniques...

..We therefore wanted to determine the roles of variation in body composition, age, sex and polymorphisms of the UCP2 gene and promoter region on levels of circulating leptin...

..5 MJ for the "at risk" AT and AA genotypes, respectively. Adjusting intake for BMR did not remove the significance (P = 0.043). FTO genotype probably affects obesity via effects on food intake rather than energy expenditure...

..Average percentage protein:fat:carbohydrate (by energy) and energy density (ED) of the two diets were 13:25:62, 371 kJ/100 g and 13:50:37, 672 kJ/100 g, respectively...

..To assess the effect of graded increases in exercised-induced energy expenditure (EE) on appetite, energy intake (EI), total daily EE and body weight in men living in their normal environment and consuming their usual diets...

..This study examined how a 36 h fast effected the subsequent day's energy and nutrient intake in a group of 24 healthy, lean men and women...

..It is not clear how decreased activity quantitatively affects energy balance (EB) in subjects feeding ad libitum...

..We aimed to determine whether circulating alpha-MSH and AgRP are responsive to long-term perturbations in energy balance, in a manner consistent with their central putative functions...

..However, the degree of compensation varied considerably among individuals. The present study captured the initial compensation in EI for exercise-induced energy deficits. Total compensation would take a matter of weeks...

..011) that was not different from those of stock animals. These improvements occurred despite differences in fat gain, and indicate that both weight loss and macronutrient intake can impact favourably on obesity-associated morbidities...

..It has been proposed that the development of obesity in humans is influenced by the relative proportions of the two major phyla of bacteria (Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes) present in the large intestine...

..Historically, body image research has relied on generic, whole body outlines, which may not be suited to obese individuals. The development of computer generated, individualized digital images to represent body image may be more effective...

..It was concluded that no adaptive changes in urea kinetics occurred in response to either the different rate or extent of weight loss...

..To nutritionally analyse mean energy intake (EI) from different 3 d intervals within a 7 d recording period and to evaluate the seasonal effect on energy and nutrient intake...

..An acute reduction in GSH synthesis in response to a rapid weight loss may constitute a risk factor during periods of increased GSH demands...

..We suggest that activation of cortisol secretion is not an irreversible intrinsic abnormality in obese patients, and speculate that dietary content has an important influence on the neuroendocrine response to weight loss...

..1%, and 1.9%, respectively; P = 0.026) decreased as carbohydrate intake decreased. The abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria related to Roseburia spp. and E. rectale correlated well with the decline in fecal butyrate...

..However, whether longer-term differences in dietary macronutrients affect cortisol metabolism in humans and contribute to the tissue-specific dysregulation of cortisol metabolism in obesity is unknown...