W G McCluggage

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..The value of ancillary techniques, especially immunohistochemistry, is discussed where appropriate...

..The association of Chlamydia pneumoniae with atherosclerosis is controversial. We investigated the presence of C. pneumoniae and other Chlamydia spp. in atheromatous carotid artery tissue...

..In this study the specificity of these two antibodies in evaluating cervical and uterine glandular lesions and the value of CD10 in determining whether stroma is endometriotic or not were investigated...

..An initial audit showing variation in endometrial biopsy adequacy reporting prompted this assessment of the criteria used by specialist gynaecological pathologists for the classification of adequacy...

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..The small numbers of other malignancies in the study precludes a judgement of the value of SM047 staining in these neoplasms. SM047 staining may be useful, as part of a larger panel, in the work up of patients with peritoneal effusions...

..The presence of more typical Sertoli cell elements and Leydig cells, an absence of squamous elements, endometriosis or associated adenofibroma, and the characteristic immunophenotype assist in diagnosis...

..We critically discuss the value of immunohistochemistry and associated pitfalls with each tumour type described...

..Prospective studies should be performed to ascertain whether such adjuvant therapies are more effective than traditional sarcoma based therapies in the treatment of these aggressive neoplasms...

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..Possible theories of histogenesis of primary ovarian paraganglioma include an origin from extra-adrenal paraganglia in the region of the ovary or unidirectional differentiation within a teratoma...

..In this study, four new cases of EFTs involving the vulva (three cases) or vagina (one case) are reported...

..In this review, the morphologic features of some of these neoplasms are described, as is the value of immunohistochemistry and other ancillary techniques in establishing a diagnosis...

..We believe these lesions fall within the broad spectrum of fibromatous lesions of the vulva...

..Germ cell and neuroendocrine origins seem highly unlikely...

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..Uterine angioleiomyoma has a close morphological resemblance to the similarly named skin tumor. We review uterine smooth-muscle and other mesenchymal neoplasms in which prominent vascular channels are a feature...

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..We also correlated these parameters with the presence or absence of p53 protein expression by the neoplastic cells...

..Thirdly, standardization between laboratories is necessary if clinical utility is to be attached to markers including p53. We propose a strategy for determining the optimal p53 antibody concentration...

..Most cases exhibit positive immunohistochemical staining with oestrogen receptor (ER) and, or, progesterone receptor (PR)...

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..This prompted the investigation of whether thyroglobulin immunoreactivity is common in regional lymph nodes in cases of thyroid malignancy...

..It is stressed that when immunohistochemistry is used diagnostically, panels of markers provide better information than reliance on a single antibody...

..The aim of this study was to investigate calretinin staining in a series of these tumours and their histological mimics in order to determine the value of calretinin staining in a diagnostic setting...

..Staining of a range of tumours which can be confused morphologically with endometrial stromal neoplasms was also undertaken to ascertain whether antibodies against CD10 are of value in a diagnostic sense...

..This is the second reported case of vaginal endocervicosis and the first documented report of adenocarcinoma arising in endocervicosis at any site...

..In situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry for Epstein-Barr virus were negative. A review of the literature reveals that such neoplasms appear to be extremely rare within the female genital tract outside of the cervix...

..This study aims to describe the morphological features found in ovarian carcinoma after chemotherapy because these have not been detailed previously...

..This is an area where electron microscopy can still also contribute useful information...

..Possible theories of histogenesis include a developmental anomaly, metaplasia of preexisting endocervical glands, and derivation from mesonephric remnants...

..Importantly, a small proportion of uterine carcinosarcomas are true collision tumours and should be recognised as such because, in some instances, the prognosis may be better than for a similar stage carcinosarcoma...

..A newly developed monoclonal antibody HMGIC which is expressed in vulvovaginal aggressive angiomyxoma may prove to be of value in the often difficult distinction of this lesion from its histological mimics...

..Immunohistochemical demonstration of skeletal muscle differentiation is necessary for a definitive diagnosis...

..Whether high MT expression is an independent prognostic factor and increased expression indicates chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer, as has been previously suggested, should be determined by further studies...

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..The combined use of genetic analysis and flow cytometry for immunophenotyping has increased the accuracy of diagnosis and correct categorisation of lymphomas on cytological preparations...

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..The morphology of ovarian carcinoma following chemotherapy often differs markedly from native tumour. This study aimed to compare the immunophenotype of post-chemotherapy ovarian carcinomas with that of untreated tumour...

..This form of endometriosis has been previously referred to as stromal or micronodular stromal endometriosis. However, there has been little reference to this condition in the literature...

..Primary ovarian clear cell carcinomas are characterized by CK7 positivity, whereas primary renal neoplasms are characterized by positivity for CD10 and RCC marker and negative staining with CK7...

..Because 2 of the patients had been taking tamoxifen, this raises the possibility of an association between tamoxifen and the development of USC and EIC in the endometrial polyps that are characteristic of this medication...

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..To undertake an immunohistochemical analysis of squamous elements in endometrioid proliferations of the uterus and ovary and to compare the immunophenotype of typical squamous elements and so-called squamous morules...

..The overlapping immunophenotype of endometrial stromal and leiomyomatous neoplasms may reflect the origin of both cell types from a common progenitor within the uterus...

..To describe six cases seen in consultation in which artefactual vascular involvement within the ovary by benign granulosa cells caused diagnostic confusion...

..Some ovarian serous carcinomas, similar to their uterine counterparts, are p16-positive...

..We also wished to ascertain whether positivity may be found in the stromal cells of normal vulval skin and in other lesions at this site that can cause diagnostic confusion with aggressive angiomyxoma...

..VIN should be managed by clinicians with expertise in this field and who are treating significant numbers of patients according to evidence-based protocols...

..This case report highlights the rare occurrence of myoepitheliomas in deep soft tissues. Pathologists should be aware of this and should consider a myoepithelioma in the differential diagnosis of a soft tissue spindle cell neoplasm...

..The aim of this study was to compare expression of p16 INK4A (p16) in these two tumour types. We also included cases of serous borderline tumour, since these are considered to represent a precursor lesion of low-grade serous carcinoma...

..p16 expression was also compared with that of p53 and MIB1...

..Microglandular hyperplasia shows a low proliferation index with MIB1 and is negative for bcl2 and p16...

..To describe the occurrence of signet ring cells of stromal origin within the uterine cervix...

..To describe the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical findings in four cases of uterine tumour resembling ovarian sex cord tumour (UTROSCT)...

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..However, rarely OSC is negative and occasional cases of USC are positive. WT-1 may also be helpful in differentiating poorly differentiated OSC from poorly differentiated ovarian endometrioid carcinoma...

..These findings need to be confirmed by further study of larger numbers of cases...

..It is important to distinguish between these since the former may result in pelvic inflammatory disease and require antibiotic treatment while the latter is non-infectious and does not require specific treatment...

..Currently, it is not known whether the hyperplasia is likely to be confined to the polyp or also involve nonpolypoid endometrium. We aim to assess the likelihood of hyperplasia being confined to an endometrial polyp...

..As well as being of value in primary diagnosis, HMGA2 is useful in evaluating margins and in reexcision specimens of aggressive angiomyxoma in identifying foci of residual or recurrent tumor...

..Only a minority of anti-HCV positive non-haemophiliac patients progress to have interferon therapy suggesting that the cost of treating chronic HCV may not be as great as initially thought...

..It is important for the pathologist to be aware of the possibility of cervical mucosal metastasis to avoid an erroneous diagnosis of a primary cervical adenocarcinoma or adenocarcinoma in situ...

..To describe a series of endometrial stromal sarcomas with large numbers of endometrioid-type glands...

..Diffuse, strong positivity with p16 in endocervical adenocarcinomas is likely caused by inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein by the E7 human papillomavirus oncoprotein, which acts as a p16 transcript repressor...

..Since GnRH agonists are increasingly being used in the management of uterine leiomyomas, pathologists should be aware of these unusual morphologic features in order to avoid diagnostic confusion...

..Pathologists should be aware of this unusual pseudoneoplastic phenomenon to avoid a misdiagnosis of a neoplastic lesion...

..p63 is also positive in cervical transitional metaplasia, Walthard rests, vulval Paget disease secondary to an underlying urothelial malignancy, tubulosquamous polyp of the vagina, and ectopic prostatic tissue in the cervix...

..In reporting these cases, we discuss the criteria for diagnosis and the differential diagnosis...

..In particular, the differences in p53 immunoreactivity are in keeping with the observation that p53 gene mutation is more common in high-grade than low-grade OSC...

..A panel of immunohistochemical stains, comprising CEA, vimentin, and ER, generally allows confident preoperative distinction between a primary endometrial and endocervical adenocarcinoma...

..The differential diagnosis is discussed. As far as we are aware, this is the first report of such a benign epithelial proliferation involving cystic endosalpingiosis...

..The mucinous cells are likely to be metaplastic and a result of aberrant differentiation in a premalignant squamous lesion...

..Immunohistochemical staining with CD10 may be of value in confirming a diagnosis of endometriosis when there is morphological doubt...

..Because of the small numbers of women involved, our knowledge of this rare tumour type is limited. This study aims to further characterise the population of women affected, the disease itself and the most appropriate management strategy...

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..It can be anticipated that this will lead to the development of specific therapeutic agents of value against a specific tumour type...

..The report discusses the value of DNA polymorphism studies in distinguishing gestational from nongestational choriocarcinoma and from trophoblastic differentiation within a carcinoma...

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..This may be useful, in conjunction with WT1, in the classification of problematic neoplasms. p16 may be involved in the pathogenesis of high-grade ovarian serous carcinomas, possibly through inactivation of retinoblastoma protein...

..We aim to establish if the detection of bone marrow micrometastases associates with elevated markers of angiogenesis and adverse histopathologic features of esophageal cancer...

..quot; Although local and systemic causes of granulomatous inflammation should be excluded, granulomas in the myometrium and cervical stroma may occur without an obvious underlying cause...

..However, the absence of staining with CM2B4 argues against a true Merkel cell tumor. CD99 staining in a cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma should not result in misdiagnosis as a neoplasm in the Ewing family of tumors...

..Ovarian borderline tumours are relatively uncommon, but not rare, neoplasms. Pathologists and oncologists often struggle with various aspects of borderline tumours which are sometimes controversial and poorly understood...

..The vimentin-negative immunophenotype may be of value in cases where the uterine carcinoma is endometrioid in type as these neoplasms are generally vimentin positive...

..The carcinoma involved the myometrium and cervix (stage IIa). To our knowledge, this is the third documented case of an adenocarcinoma and the first serous carcinoma involving a uterine adenofibroma...

..Histologic examination showed surface ulceration and underlying fibrinoid necrosis with surrounding reactive atypical fibroblast-like cells and small blood vessels, the characteristic histologic features of ischemic fasciitis...

..Because primary endometrial carcinomas may also arise within tamoxifen polyps, these should be extensively sampled. We briefly review polypoid uterine lesions that may occur secondary to tamoxifen therapy...

..We wish to highlight the fact that these aggressive neoplasms may occasionally have a peritoneal origin, similar to primary peritoneal serous carcinomas...

..An analysis of changes in expression of apoptotic and cell cycle proteins (p53, p21, Mdm2, Blc-2, Bax, Ki-67) in response to PDT was evaluated...

..This was highly significant (p < 0.001) CONCLUSIONS: There was significantly less endometrial autolysis in uteri injected with formalin. The use of this simple procedure should be encouraged in hysterectomy specimens...

..It helps decide operability, the type of operation and aids in the selection of patients who need to be considered for specialist referral to a gynaecologist oncologist...

..Morphological features such as a dense inflammatory cell infiltrate with lymphoid follicles, and especially fibrin thrombi within small vessels, should alert the pathologist to look closely for the pathognomonic CMV inclusion bodies...

..This report discusses the differential diagnosis of this lesion, which has been designated a low grade endometrial stromal sarcoma with smooth muscle and glandular differentiation...

..A positive sputum specimen should not always be regarded as definitive evidence of malignancy. Instead a full assessment of all available information should be made if unnecessary surgery is to be avoided...