R J Maughan

..These results indicate that the iso-energetic solutions of glucose and soy protein hydrolysate used in this study are emptied from the stomach at similar rates and result in similar rates of fluid availability after ingestion...

..Body mass change is not always a reliable measure of changes in hydration status and substantial loss of mass may occur without an effective net negative fluid balance...

..Nevertheless, there is good evidence that drinking appropriate amounts of water, especially cold water, can enhance exercise performance in many situations...

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..Where more than one competition or training session takes place in a single day and where substantial fluid losses are incurred, recovery will be impaired by the absence of fluid intake...

..Football training seems to increase bone mass in the weight-bearing limbs, with positive implications for bone health in later life, but some players may be at risk from inadequate calcium dietary intake...

..The limitation may also depend on environmental factors, such as altitude and temperature...

..Recent evidence suggests that the integrity of the blood brain barrier may be compromised by combined heat stress and dehydration, and this may play a role in limiting performance in the heat...

..There are potential costs associated with all dietary supplements, including the risk of a positive doping result as a consequence of the presence of prohibited substances that are not declared on the label...

..Further research on a wide range of athletes with special nutrition needs is urgently required. In events where performance might be affected, other strategies to eliminate or minimise any effects must be sought...

..Modifications to the competition timetable may minimise or even eliminate any effect on performance in sport, but there may be negative effects on performance in some events...

..An appropriate, individualized drinking strategy will take account of pre-exercise hydration status and of fluid, electrolyte and substrate needs before, during and after a period of exercise...

..An appropriate drinking strategy will take account of pre-exercise hydration status and of fluid, electrolyte and substrate needs before, during and after exercise...

..There is growing evidence that the effects of high ambient temperature and dehydration on performance of exercise may be mediated by effects on the central nervous system. This seems to involve serotonergic and dopaminergic functions...

..Pre-exercise lowering of body temperature may aid some aspects of performance, but the efficacy has not been demonstrated in football...

..07). These descriptive data show large individual variations in all measured parameters with relatively little difference in sweat parameters between fasting and non-fasting individuals...

..This did not, however, result in improved performance 4 h after the end of the rehydration period...

..The average swimmer remained hydrated during the session, and calculated sweat rates were similar to those in previous aquatic studies...

..Voluntary fluid intake also shows wide inter-individual variability and is generally insufficient to match fluid losses...

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..Despite the effect on fluid retention, exercise capacity was not different between skimmed milk and a commercially available carbohydrate-electrolyte drink 4 h following exercise/heat-induced body mass loss...

..This study investigated the effect of the osmolality and carbohydrate content of drinks on their rehydration effectiveness after exercise-induced dehydration...

..In conclusion, in situations of voluntary fluid intake, hypertonic carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions are as effective as hypotonic carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions at restoring whole-body fluid balance...

..This, however, is in accord with data in the literature from other levels of soccer players and athletes in other events. These measurements allow for an individualisation of the club's hydration strategy...

..Strategies will vary greatly between individuals and will also be influenced by environmental conditions, competition regulations, and other factors...

..Total salt (NaCl) loss during training was 4.3+/-1.8 g. The sweat loss data are similar to those recorded in elite players undergoing a similar training session in warm environments, but the volume of fluid ingested is less...

..The results of this study demonstrate that serum S100beta was elevated after water immersion and prolonged exercise in a warm environment, suggesting that blood-brain barrier permeability may be altered...

..Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of milk-based drinks on exercise capacity...

..In exercise lasting more than a few minutes, hypohydration clearly impairs performance capacity, but muscle strength appears to be relatively unaffected...

..This study investigated the effect of time of day on endurance exercise capacity in a warm environment...

..The results of the present study suggest that milk can be an effective post-exercise rehydration drink and can be considered for use after exercise by everyone except those individuals who have lactose intolerance...

..In the first 2 weeks after Ramadan, the modest changes reported by the fasting players reverted back to their pre-Ramadan values...

..The results suggest that the combination of the changes in eating time and frequency during Ramadan fasting, together with the continuation of normal training load, has no marked effect on the blood profiles of these adolescent athletes...

..Effects may persist for hours after intoxication...

..This study examined changes in serum S100beta concentration, a peripheral marker of BBB permeability, in response to exercise in the heat with and without fluid ingestion...

..To investigate the effect of drink temperature on cycling capacity in the heat...

..It is concluded that ingestion of hypertonic, energy-dense glucose solutions results in a decrease in plasma and extracellular fluid volume, most likely due to the net secretion of water into the intestinal lumen...

..Sweat samples were collected during a training session in the third week of Ramadan, when heart rate was also measured. The data analyses are presented and discussed elsewhere in this issue...

..After Ramadan, the dietary variables reverted to the pre-Ramadan values...

..Athletes seldom wait until there is convincing evidence of efficacy or of safety, but caution is necessary to minimize risk...

..Alcohol intoxication may adversely affect the player's dietary choices by displacing carbohydrate from the diet at a time when restoration of glycogen stores should be a priority...

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..114) and lactate (P = 0.836) concentrations were not different between trials. Ingestion of a BCAA solution prior to, and during, prolonged exercise in glycogen-depleted subjects did not influence exercise capacity in a warm environment...

..Carbohydrate and fat are key energy substrates during exercise, and acute nutritional manipulation will affect both substrate selection and exercise performance...

..The aim of this review is to evaluate the available literature concerning the effect of caffeine ingestion on fluid balance and to formulate targeted and evidence-based advice on caffeinated beverages in the context of optimum hydration...

..This study was conducted to examine the effect of consuming a dilute alcohol solution (weak beer) on urine production in euhydrated and hypohydrated individuals...

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..The effect of serotonin (5-HT)2C receptor blockade on the thermal response and exercise performance during exercise in a warm environment was examined...

..01), with no significant change over LCLT (LCLT0 31:46 +/- 4:06, LCLT4W 31.19 +/- 4.08 min:s). Four weeks LCLT supplementation had no effect on substrate utilization or endurance performance...

..After exercise, the goal is to replace any fluid electrolyte deficit. The speed with which rehydration is needed and the magnitude of fluid electrolyte deficits will determine if an aggressive replacement program is merited...

..This study examined the effect of variable-intensity shuttle running on gastric emptying of a carbohydrate-free placebo (Plac) drink and of a 6.4% carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO) sports drink...