James Horne

..Naps comprising "nonsleep dozing" were still effective...

..There is a need to educate at least some drivers that extreme sleepiness is very likely to lead to falling asleep and a high accident risk...

..Similarly masked may be REM's functions for today's humans living safe, routine lives, with easy food accessibility. In these respects animal and human REM studies are not sufficiently 'ecological'...

..Recent research findings are presented to support this case, and some evidence-based recommendations made about practical countermeasures...

..Lane drifting and a secondary task (reaction time) were measured for two hours post-treatment. The energy drink significantly improved both indices, particularly for the first hour...

..The real health risk of inadequate sleep comes from a sleepiness-related accident...

..A more ecological approach in understanding REM function is desirable...

..Exercise is of little use. CONCLUSIONS: More education of employers and employees is needed about planning journeys, the dangers of driving while sleepy, and driving at vulnerable times of the day...

..There are fundamental differences between rodents and us. On the other hand, even human sleep has some similarities with that of the bee...

..It may reflect a requirement for more sleep or simply be within the bounds of normal acceptability...

..REM can be reduced and/or replaced by wakefulness, without adverse effects. REM has little advantage over wakefulness in providing positive cerebral recovery or memory consolidation...

..Drivers had knowledge of their physiological sleepiness. There were indications that sugar content of these drinks may additionally affect sleepiness...

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..Nevertheless, it was relevant to real-life situations involving highly motivated, trained individuals making critical innovative decisions in the early morning versus the normal waking day...

..The real danger of inadequate sleep lies with excessive daytime sleepiness, not obesity...

..Sleep is not the only anodyne to sleepiness, but so is wakefulness, inasmuch that some sleepiness disappears when wakefulness becomes more challenging and eventful. A more ecological approach to sleep and sleepiness is advocated...

..KSS scores indicated that 5 min was an effective 'settling down' period. Participants were good at estimating their sleepiness if presented with a procedure equivalent to that of the objective measure...

..Whilst SRCs had their greatest daily incidence between 02:00 h and 06:00 h, as expected, MSAs seemed to have their least beneficial effect on SRCs during this vulnerable period, which is a matter for concern...

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..BrACs are a poor guide to driver impairment...

..The energy drink did not counteract sleepiness, and led to slower RTs and more lapses during the final 30 min session, around 80 min after consumption...

..It was concluded that the FED is beneficial in reducing sleepiness and sleep-related driving incidents under conditions of afternoon monotonous driving following sleep restriction the night before...

..The drivers' own insight into their sleepiness had more validity as a tool for assessing sleepiness...

..This caffeine dose, feasibly taken via coffee, effectively reduces early morning driver sleepiness for about 30 min following nil sleep, and for around 2 hr after sleep restriction...

..The outcome was similar. Linguistically, sleep loss appears to interfere with novel responses and the ability to suppress routine answers...

..It was concluded that 36h SD in young adults produces effects on the PFC similar to those found in normal, alert people aged about 60 years. However, it can not be concluded that an aged brain is a sleep-deprived brain...

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..The circadian temperature trends over the waking day remained unaltered. The relevance of these findings to SWS changes was discussed...

..Self-ordered pointing remained unchanged. In conclusion, sleep deprivation impairs temporal memory (i.e. recency) despite other conditions promoting optimal performance...

..Although the bright green light helped counteract sleepiness, any causal link with changes in melatonin output seem tenuous...

..These findings are discussed in light of neuropsychological evidence concerning the functions of sleep in relation to the frontal cortex and in light of the implications for interpersonal communication in the event of sleep loss...

..Movements decreased during temporary absence of the usual bed partner. Couples seemed unaware of the similarity in the timing of their movements during sleep, and most reported sleeping better when their bed partner was present...

..In sum, most people are not chronically sleep deprived but have the capacity to take more sleep, in the same way that we eat and drink in excess of physiological needs...

..Although these age effects are consistent with those reported elsewhere, the gender effects, some of which are much stronger than the age effects, have not been so evident before...

..The former appeared to be associated with stage 3 + 4 sleep and the latter with rapid eye movement sleep...

..These findings were assessed in light of other comparable results from our laboratory. It seems that as the time of the day of heating recedes from nighttime sleep, a larger "dose" of heating is required to produce the same effect...

..Increased perseveration was clearly apparent. Apparently, 1 night of sleep loss can affect divergent thinking. This contrasts with the outcome for convergent thinking tasks, which are more resilient to short-term sleep loss...

..SD presents particular difficulties for sleep-deprived decision makers who require these latter skills during emergency situations...

..Neither age nor response times were confounding factors. This potential sleep EEG marker for PFC neuropsychological function in healthy, older people also points to further uses of the sleep EEG in understanding the role of sleep...

..Additionally, the contribution to the delta rhythm via nonlinear mechanisms is observed to be greater in older subjects...

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..quot; We explored the potential linkage between (i) and (ii) in relation to specific waking theta frequencies and 0.5-Hz to 1.0-Hz activity in sleep...

..g., the whole of "alpha" or "theta" ranges) may mask subfrequencies of functional importance...

..Distractions are a potential cause of performance lapses (as are micro-sleeps). Here, we investigate the effects of sleepiness on a monotonous task, with and without distraction...

..Probably, there is no 'safe' level of alcohol intake for otherwise sleepy drivers, at any time of the day...

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..The sleep literature increasingly points to an apparent chronic sleep debt in the general population. We investigated this by examining perceived shortfalls in daily sleep, using more indirect questioning methods...

..This condition effect over time was also quite evident in 1-4Hz EEG frontal power, which is a frequency range particularly sensitive to sleep onset. It is possible that 2, 8, 217Hz modulation may differentially affect sleep onset...