M A Miles

..In addition, there is a background story line of controversy, jealousy, and power politics. This article provides a synopsis of all these fascinating aspects of the discovery...

..We describe the profound impact of this parallel research on genetic diversity of T. cruzi and Leishmania, in the context of epidemiology, taxonomy and disease control...

..This seriously questions the current molecular phylogeny of these protozoa using 18S data...

..It would therefore appear premature to warrant division of T. cruzi into 2 discrete taxa or subspecies until the relationships of further zymodeme 3 stocks are elucidated...

..infantum. No evidence was found to support the existence of L. archibaldi. It is likely to be necessary in future to re-evaluate the taxonomic status of L. donovani or of L. infantum, as discrete species...

..Local eradication of T. dimidiata and these R. ecuadoriensis populations might therefore be attainable. However, the presence of a wide variety of native species indicates the necessity for a strong longitudinal surveillance system...

..chagasi was identified as a monophyletic group within the L. donovani complex but L. donovani may be paraphyletic. Diversity within L. donovani is substantial and phylogeographical patterns of association were found...

..32 to 0.66. The microsatellite markers presented here will contribute to the control of Chagas disease in Venezuela and Colombia through the provision of population information that may allow the design of improved control strategies...

..These divergent 18S paralogues may have, or had, different functional pressures or rates of molecular evolution. Whether or not these divergent types are equally transcriptionally active throughout the life cycle, remain to be assessed...

..where only 1 was identified. This is the first application of PCR-linked SSCP and DGGE analysis for differentiating parasitic protozoa...

..233) indicates that the TSSA gene has been under positive selection pressure. The demonstration of lineage-specific epitopes within TcII-VI has implications for sero-epidemiological studies of Chagas disease based on this antigen...

..Thus hybrids must be included among the potential agents of MCL. Despite the propensity for clonality, hybrids are also an important feature of Leishmania (Viannia) and may give rise to epidemiologically important emergent genotypes...

..donovani complex. Our results confirmed that a more stringent definition of Leishmania infantum is required and that the species Leishmania archibaldi should be suppressed...

..Furthermore, the method is effective for the isolation of clones directly from silvatic triatomine bugs and from experimentally infected mice harbouring mixed infections, allowing resolution of multiclonal infections from varied sources...

..The results are discussed in the context of hybridisation mechanisms in both natural and in vitro settings...

..Furthermore, it can be used to detect recombination indirectly and for population genetics studies...

..cruzi intraspecific diversity in South America, and for separate origins of Chagas disease in northern South America and in the southern cone countries...

..The epidemiological significance of these findings is discussed...

..The ability of TcGPXI to use alternative electron donors may reflect their availability at the corresponding subcellular sites...

..The major output of the study is a comprehensive series of dates for deep-branching points within insect evolution that can act as calibration points for further dating studies within insect families and genera...

..Based upon the results we recommend a triple-assay comprising the LSU rDNA, HSP60 and GPI markers for reliable, rapid, low-cost DTU assignment...

..Here we investigate, by direct sequencing (mtcytb, D2) and by microsatellite analysis, 1) the identity of silvatic Rhodnius and 2) whether silvatic populations of Rhodnius are isolated from domestic populations...

..An outline of 'risk palm ecotopes' and environmental management-based strategies for the control of peridomestic, palm tree-living vector populations are proposed...

..cruzi. In this instance, aneuploidy through nuclear hybridization results in recombination across far greater genetic distances than mendelian genetic exchange. This mechanism also parallels genome duplication...

..donovani complex strains and Old World Leishmania species. The targets produced less robust groups than gp63 intergenic regions, but support the need for re-evaluation of the taxonomy of the L. donovani complex...

..We interpret this to imply a common ancestry for these groups. Dissemination of T. rubrofasciata and subsequent derivation of the Old World species of Triatoma is deduced to have occurred over a period of not more than 350 years...

..4). The activity is pH dependent and is consistent with a mechanism involving inhibition of the ability to regulate internal pH. Rimantadine is also toxic to the trypanosomatid parasites Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major...

..Phylogenetic analysis of a concatenated alignment based on a total of 263 kb protein-coding sequences showed strong correlation of genotype with geographical origin. Europe and Africa appear to represent independent evolutionary centres...

..infantum was paraphyletic. The RAPD profiles suggest that MON-30 belongs to L. donovani. Moreover, the genetic distance between the L. archibaldi strain and other leishmanias does not warrant existence of a separate species...

..A strong community-based entomological surveillance system and collaboration with Ecuadorian public health authorities and researchers are recommended...

..cruziZ3/Z1 ASAT--are present. It appears that T. cruzil has an extant capacity for genetic exchange. Attention is also drawn to the risk of domestic endemicity, in addition to the tasks facing the disease control authorities...

..4 and 0.8 Mya. The prevailing mode of reproduction is clonal, but there is evidence of genetic exchange between strains, particularly in Africa...