A Haines

..Some of these health co-benefits can be achieved in a relatively short time frame, and they can help offset the costs of climate change mitigation policies...

..Improved health contributes to development and is underpinned by ecosystem stability and equitable economic progress. Implementation of policies that both improve health and promote sustainable development is urgently needed...

..Health systems performance should be monitored, with clear lines of accountability, and reforms should build on evidence of what works in what circumstances...

..We examined these issues in a study of older British men...

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..Intersectoral research and concerted action, both nationally and internationally, will be required...

..The introduction of large-scale programmes for community health workers requires evaluation to document the impact on child survival and cost effectiveness and to elucidate factors associated with success and sustainability...

..Mitigation of climate change by reducing the use of fossil fuels and increasing a number of uses of the renewable energy technologies should improve health in the near-term by reducing exposure to air pollution...

..Given the potential for near-term improvements in health, finding more effective ways of promoting the uptake of evidence-based interventions should be a priority for researchers, practitioners and policy-makers...

..To determine the relation between psychological characteristics and subsequent fatal ischaemic heart disease (IHD) events...

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..To determine whether a decision aid on hormone replacement therapy influences decision making and health outcomes...

..Qualitative work into the attitudes of the patients, GPs and hospital specialists would also be valuable...

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..It is unclear whether contemporary political and social systems can deliver improved human development without increased use of fossil fuels and other resources...

..While the effects of weather and, in particular, ambient temperature on overall mortality are well documented, the strength of the evidence base for the effects on acute myocardial infarction (MI) are less clear...

..This study suggests that air pollution worsens allergic rhinitis symptoms, leading to substantial increases in consultations. SO(2) and O(3) seem particularly responsible, and both seem to contribute independently...

..We investigated the relation between air pollution and upper respiratory disease as reflected in number of consultations made at family practices in London...

..Mitigation of climate change by reducing the use of fossil fuels and increasing the use of a number of renewable energy technologies should improve health in the near term by reducing exposure to air pollution...

..We wished to determine whether similar relationships exist with consultations in the primary care setting and to assess the lag time at which the effects were observed...

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..To examine the effect of baseline body mass index (BMI) and skinfold thickness (ST) on fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) and all cause mortality after 30 years of follow up...

..To examine the short term relation between ambient temperature and risk of myocardial infarction...

..1-0.2 megatonnes CO(2)-equivalent per million population in 1 year, mostly in short-lived greenhouse pollutants. Household energy interventions have potential for important co-benefits in pursuit of health and climate goals...

..The effectiveness of these strategies in different contexts has not previously been the subject of a systematic review...

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..There is a paucity of randomised controlled trials of weight management in primary care...

..We wished to determine the magnitude and consistency of associations between cold temperature and consultations for respiratory conditions in primary care settings at different sites in the UK...

..To assess whether results obtained in secondary care can be extrapolated to primary care and suggest how future trials should be designed to provide more rigorous evidence...

..Very little work on alcohol consumption patterns in older people has been undertaken. As a result, knowledge about the prevalence and characteristics of regular drinkers and heavy drinkers in this age group remains limited...

..ENSO and seasonal climate forecasts might offer the opportunity to target scarce resources for epidemic control and disaster preparedness...

..Larger scale, upfront funding for evaluation of health financing initiatives is necessary to ensure an evidence base that corresponds to the importance of this issue for achieving development goals...

..Such programmes could be delivered cheaply by the internet, and there are good arguments for coordinated investment in them, particularly for conditions in which patient utilities are important...

..The use of both qualitative and quantitative methods in this study allowed exploration of the barriers to use of computers...

..Short-term fluctuations in air pollution have been associated with changes in both overall and cardiovascular mortality...

..This study investigated the relation between heat and mortality in London to determine the temperature threshold at which death rates increase and to quantify the effect of extreme temperatures on mortality...

..If bile acids are involved in the causation of large bowel cancer, they may be part of a complex set of interacting factors...

..We aimed to compare joint teleconsultations between general practitioners, specialists, and patients (virtual outreach) with standard outpatient referral...

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..To evaluate clinical effectiveness of a self management programme for arthritis in patients in primary care with osteoarthritis...

..The forthcoming Ministerial Summit on Health Research seeks to help define a learning agenda for health systems, so that by 2015, substantial progress will have been made to reducing the system constraints to achieving the MDGs...

..Progress should be measured and accountability assured. We prioritise research questions and suggest actions and measures for stakeholders both locally and globally, which are required to revitalise primary health care...

..Research on scaling-up should be embedded in large-scale delivery programmes for chronic diseases with a strong emphasis on assessment...

..The evidence base needs urgently to be strengthened, synthesised, and taken into account in policy and practice, particularly for the benefit of those who have been excluded from the health care advances of recent decades...

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..The design of the intervention was informed by studies that have identified the pre-requisites of successful behaviour change in general practice...