J R Glynn

..Recent UNAIDS guidelines recommend measuring concurrency 6 months before the interview date, based on overlapping partnership dates. This has theoretical advantages, but little is known about how well it can be measured in practice...

..The tool enables performance assessment at the level of process and quality of care...

..We aimed to investigate the outcome of those who are eligible but do not start ART in the Malawi programme, factors associated with this dropout, and reasons for not starting treatment, in a prospective cohort study...

..abstract:..

..Although few reports have measured trends in prevalence, the ubiquity of the Beijing strains and their frequent association with outbreaks and drug resistance underline their importance...

..In these sites, many infections in married men, even in those with HIV-infected wives, may be acquired from outside the marriage...

..tuberculosis, very little is known about how genotypes within a population change over decades, or about relationships to HIV infection...

..We assess the contribution of these two mechanisms by time since seroconversion to HIV...

..The association between educational attainment and risk of HIV infection varies between populations and over time. Earlier studies in sub-Saharan Africa have found that those with more education are at increased risk of HIV infection...

..HSV-2 prevalence trends in a rural African community were assessed over a period in which HIV prevalence rose sharply, and antenatal clinic (ANC) surveillance was explored as a method of estimating community HSV-2 prevalence...

..To obtain robust estimates of survival with HIV in individuals with known dates of seroconversion in Africa in the pre-antiretroviral era...

..Here, we present what is, to our knowledge, the first such study in an area with high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence...

..All the Beijing genotype strains were fully drug sensitive. Contact histories, TB type, and case-fatality rates were similar for Beijing and non-Beijing genotype TB...

..The rate of recurrent tuberculosis disease due to reinfection, compared with the incidence of new tuberculosis, in those with and without HIV infection is not known...

..Overall mortality was similar to that in western seroconverter cohorts with much lower rates of tuberculosis, suggesting that tuberculosis is more a marker of HIV progression than a cause of it...

..We explored the importance of these factors...

..We investigated trends and circumstances of sexual debut in relation to schooling and age at menarche...

..Surveys in whole populations provide an unusual opportunity to understand the extent and nature of such under-reporting...

..Consistent results in different study sites help in the development of standard methods for improving ANC-based surveillance estimates of HIV prevalence. These may be easier to devise for multiparous women than for primiparous women...

..To examine the factors responsible for the disparity in HIV prevalence between young men and women in two urban populations in Africa with high HIV prevalence...

..Increased risks of TB with age and in men are expected. Associations with measures of higher socioeconomic status were unexpected. They may reflect a greater likelihood of diagnosis in this group...

..Despite a high risk of infection, with a moderate proportion of background drug-resistant strains (11% SDR, 6% MDR), reinfection is not a common cause of treatment failure or drug resistance at 6 months...

..tuberculosis. If contemporary TB cases share identical M. tuberculosis strains (i.e., are 'clustered'), the episode is likely to have followed recent (re-)infection, irrespective of evidence of previous latent infection...

..We followed up a cohort of 326 South African mineworkers, who had successfully completed treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis in 1995, to determine the rate and mechanisms of recurrence...

..As HIV-positive TB cases are less likely to be source cases, equal or higher clustering in HIV-positives would suggest that HIV mainly increases the risk of TB following recent infection...

..CONCLUSIONS: Although cross-sectional studies are not ideal for delineating the sequence of transmission events, this study adds to the evidence that HSV-2 is a key risk factor in promoting HIV transmission...

..Current studies focus on immunological markers of infection, disease and protection, and on elucidating the impact of antiretroviral treatment on TB incidence at population level...

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..England...

..To investigate the prevalence and sociodemographic risk factors for HIV infection, during the early stages of the epidemic, in a rural area of northern Malawi...

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..3). Large clusters were associated with factors likely to be related to social mixing, but spoligotypes of common strains in this setting were also common types elsewhere, consistent with strain differences in transmissibility...

..We estimate that 9%-13% of TB cases were attributable to recent transmission from identifiable close contacts and that nearly half of the TB cases arising from recent infection had acquired the infection from HIV-positive patients...

..We also present an audit of the selection process, and discuss the potential of this method in other settings...

..To compare HIV prevalence in antenatal clinics (ANC) and the general population, and to identify factors determining the differences that were found...

..Instead it has risen and is predominantly affecting young adults and women. There is some evidence that the HIV-associated TB epidemic may have passed its peak...

..1% of adults were in need of ART in 2005. This prediction was sensitive to the assumed eligibility period, ranging from 1.6% to 2.6% if the eligibility period was instead assumed to be 1.5 or 2.5 years, respectively...

..However, the pattern of new HIV infections may be changing towards a greater burden among less educated groups. In Thailand those with more schooling remain at lower risk of HIV infection...

..This has occurred despite active case finding and directly observed therapy, which exceeds WHO targets for cure rates. Further interventions targeted at both HIV and tuberculosis are needed...

..To estimate the sex-specific effect of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) on the acquisition of HIV infection...

..A rural district in Malawi...

..Despite the 15 million children orphaned by AIDS, and fears of sexual vulnerability, little is known about the link between orphanhood and HIV risk...

..Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) increases the risk of tuberculosis (TB), but no study has assessed how this risk changes with time since HIV seroconversion...

..We aimed to investigate mortality in a population before and after the introduction of free antiretroviral therapy, and therefore to assess the effects of such programmes on survival at the population level...

..To examine the effect of neighbourhood socioeconomic factors on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence in young women (aged 15-24 years) in Zambia...

..Over 20 years, in most scenarios fewer than 100 vaccinations were required to avert one HIV infection. HSV2 vaccines could have a substantial impact on HIV incidence. Intensified efforts are needed to develop an effective HSV2 vaccine...

..It is important to see if the impact changes with time since the start of treatment scale-up, and as treatment moves to smaller clinics...

..To investigate individual, household and community factors associated with HIV test refusal in a counselling and testing programme offered at population level in rural Malawi...

..We explore how the population-level impact of circumcision varies by target age group, coverage, time-to-scale-up, level of risk compensation and circumcision of HIV infected men...

..To assess the social and economic impact of HIV-related illness and death on the spouses of HIV-infected individuals...

..To assess the evidence that the association between educational attainment and risk of HIV infection is changing over time in sub-Saharan Africa...

..Molecular methods, which avoid the selective nature of culture and target distinct strains, are well suited to detection of mixed infections...

..We estimated HIV prevalence and assessed field staging of individuals to estimate the burden of HIV disease needing treatment in rural Malawi...

..Sexual behavior monitoring to explain HIV distribution and trends is seldom attempted in ANC surveys. We explore the use of marital history in ANC surveillance as a proxy for sexual behavior...

..Concerted action is needed to develop intensified case finding as an important method for control of tuberculosis...

..To estimate rates of recurrent tuberculosis due to reinfection and relapse, by HIV status, in a general population...

..40 (0.9-2.3) for 25-50 years and 10.44 (2.3-47.9) for >50 years and remained stable over two periods examined. These results suggest that HIV increases the proportion of TB due to recent transmission in the elderly...

..To estimate mortality directly attributable to HIV in HIV-infected adults in low and middle income countries and discuss appropriate methodology...

..Describe age-specific mortality patterns of HIV-infected adults in African communities before introduction of HAART...

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..We explore whether treating curable STIs remains a cost-effective HIV control strategy in Africa...

..We aimed to assess the relative impact of these factors and develop a tool to improve interpretation of the proportion clustered from an individual study...

..An analysis of the relationship between the level of agreement and disagreement between husbands' and wives' fertility preferences was then performed to gain insight into the reproductive decision-making process of polygamous couples...

..All-cause mortality, based on national tuberculosis programme (NTP) register deaths, may under- or overestimate tuberculosis (TB) specific mortality in the population...

..Bootscanning analyses are consistent with their being mosaic viruses. These sequences highlight early HIV-1 diversity in a population otherwise dominated by subtype C...

..As HIV-related deaths increase in a population the usual association between low socioeconomic status and child mortality may change, particularly as death rates from other causes decline...

..We assessed how switching from the NCHS to the newly released WHO Growth Standards affects the estimated prevalence of wasting, underweight and stunting, and the pattern of risk factors identified...

..2% in controls. There was no evidence of a protective effect of routine BCG vaccination against BU in southern Benin (vaccine effectiveness adjusted for socioeconomic status = 12%, 95% confidence interval = -24% to 37%)...

..tuberculosis strains belonging to the Beijing/W lineage, as described in this work, will facilitate further studies on the spread and characterization of this widespread genotype family of M. tuberculosis strains...

..Mortality rates in HIV-positive individuals increased with age, but relative mortality changed little with age...

..The objective was to calculate the effect of HIV on the rate and severity of work-related injuries by duration of infection...

..Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis should therefore be added to the routine care of HIV-positive TB patients...

..Here we suggest that the most recent common ancestor of subtype C appeared in the mid- to late 1960s. Sensitivity analyses, by which possible biases due to oversampling from one district were explored, gave very similar estimates...

..To examine the association between HIV infection and tuberculosis (TB) and the proportion of TB attributable to HIV in Chiang Rai province, northern Thailand, in response to a rapidly changing incidence of HIV infection...

..The true prevalence of Beijing strains worldwide is unknown because only a fraction of global strains have been analyzed...

..Our findings suggest that, in terms of physical well-being, the extended family in this society has not discriminated against surviving children whose parents have been ill or have died as a result of HIV/AIDS...

..Although there were differences in sociodemographic factors, a parity-based adjustment gave a reasonable estimate of female HIV prevalence...

..The overall HIV prevalence was 2.6% (11/426) among patients and 0.3% among controls (2/613), giving an odds ratio for the association between HIV and Buruli ulcer of 8.1 (95% confidence interval = 1.8-75; P = 0.003)...

..To describe causes of death and respiratory infections in HIV-infected miners in the pre-antiretroviral era, by duration of HIV infection...

..To estimate survival patterns after HIV infection in adults in low and middle-income countries...

..8% vs. 1.0%, Fisher's exact P-value = 0.045), which may suggest that those disorders facilitate growth of Mycobacterium ulcerans in the bone matrix...

..To understand the changing impact of herpes simplex 2 (HSV-2) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) on HIV incidence over time in four sub-Saharan African cities, using simulation models...

..Regular use of soap for washing, treating injuries with soap or antibiotic powder, and frequent contact with flowing water appeared protective against BU...

..7%; specificity, 92.6%) tests. It cannot be assumed that enzyme immunoassays for the detection of HSV-2 infection that perform well in industrialized countries will perform equally well in other populations...

..We conclude that there were multiple introductions of HIV-1 with limited spread, followed by explosive growth of a subtype C cluster, probably arising from a single introduction in or before 1983...

..5%) in 5- to 6-year-olds to 86% (95% CI 74%-93%) in 11- to 12-year-olds (p<0.001 for 1 or 2 doses). Waning immunity may contribute to mumps outbreaks in older vaccinated populations...