Thomas Reilly

..This development has helped to match fitness assessment procedures to the demands of the sport concerned...

..While causal links cannot be established in these experiments, the results indicate that the diurnal variation of some aspects of football performance is affected by factor(s) other than body temperature alone...

..There is also a role for endurance training and for a pacing strategy that optimizes the expenditure of energy during match-play...

..Key areas in the kinanthropometric content are identified and placed in context. The review culminates in the highlighting of likely areas for future research...

..Trainers and selectors should acknowledge this trend if they are to avoid omitting gifted individuals, born later in the year, from talent development programmes...

..The Ramadan model provides an alternative to those for ageing, nocturnal shift-work and time-zone transitions in understanding the links between behaviour and endogenous circadian rhythms...

..There are still unanswered questions about the sleep needs of athletes, the role of 'power naps' and the potential for exercise in improving the quality of sleep...

..Loss of heat by evaporative processes leads to hypohydration which itself can eventually impair performance. This review focuses on thermoregulatory and behavioural processes during sustained exercise in the heat...

..Understanding the circadian rhythm of core temperature may reduce potential hazards due to the time of day when exercise is performed...

..The results support our "heat-gain/heat-loss modes" hypothesis...

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..However, these changes are generally transient and are only weakly linked to the sensation of jet lag...

..Throwing darts can be used as a model for investigating factors that influence motor performance, and our results indicate that the effects of time of day upon performance depend upon the relative importance of force and accuracy...

..Whether such effects improve endurance athletic performance in hot conditions remains to be confirmed. Our data also suggest that postexercise systolic hypotension is more marked after ingestion of melatonin...

..The traveller needs to be aware of these changes before setting off, so that appropriate preparations (clothing, for example) can be made...

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..Inferences about any decrements due to time-zone transitions cannot be made reliably at times of the day that differ from the time when jet lag is assessed...

..The unique environment conditions for outdoor endurance races in temperate climate zones tend to be highly variable and therefore difficult to predict...

..Subjects' preparations for fasting and recovering from it--their fluid and food intakes and associated reasons for these--also differed. Possible explanations of these differences are discussed...

..While complementary training may be necessary in specific cases, integrating fitness training into a holistic process is generally advisable...

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..The accuracy of performance at this task seems to show circadian and time-awake effects, and so makes it of potential value in protocols where repetitive measurements during the course of a day are required...

..An alternative explanation may involve exercise-induced hyperthermia. Moreover, it is perplexing why exercise should have a different phase response curve to light, given that humans are diurnally active...

..Measures to ameliorate adverse effects of jet lag include behavioral or pharmacologic strategies. Coaches and mentors and the athletes they support should be considered when preparing for long-haul flights across multiple meridians...

..s.). These results suggest that thermoregulatory, i.e. core temperature, and not cardiovascular afferents provide the key stimulus for the release of prolactin, an indirect marker of central fatigue, during exercise in the heat...

..Athletes frequently train with a short time recovery between sessions. The present aim was to establish how salivary IgA is altered following two soccer-specific intermittent exercise bouts performed on the same day...

..We conclude that objective estimates of the disruption caused to the rest-activity cycle and the circadian system can be obtained by suitable analysis of the activity record...

..The review concludes with suggestions regarding the future value to sports physiology of chronobiological studies...

..Combining ice vests with hand/forearm immersion provides no additional benefit...

..They also have implications for airlines wishing to provide food that is acceptable to passengers and for those providing meals for night workers...

..Diurnal variation in cycling performance is, therefore, relatively robust to some external and behavioural factors...

..quot; These findings might be relevant to some problems faced by the workforce, in general, and by night workers, in particular...

..The effects of nutritional interventions on cognitive performance during the later stages of a game are in need of further investigation...

..The results form the rationale for advice to travellers flying in different directions and crossing several time zones. Finally, there is an account of the main problems that remain unresolved...

..Practical applications include the use of this game for health-related purposes...

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..Equally, athletes often need special education initiatives to assist them to cope with the challenges of a new and unusual food supply, or altered access to food...

..These findings question exactly what causes jet lag at a particular time of day, and so are relevant to studies which use this measurement to investigate the problems associated with time-zone transitions, and ways to ameliorate them...

..Nevertheless, it is unclear whether time of day alters the risk of a cardiac event occurring during spontaneous physical activity performed by individuals with established risk factors for heart disease...

..There was little evidence to support the view that the 24-h rhythmicity was less marked in the non-dominant hand, which argues against internal desynchronization, at least for the task used in this study...

..It is concluded that sports participation has positive effects on BMD. The effects are site-specific and depend on the loading characteristics of the sport...

..Research evidence is, however, limited as to whether these markers are beneficially affected by physical activity, either before or after diagnosis of colorectal cancer...

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..This frequency of competition is unlikely to be sustainable in the long term...

..This decrease indicated that prolonged intermittent exercise had an effect on muscle activity even when work-rate was sustained...

..This would suggest that it provides a valid alternative to the current approaches used for the aerobic training of players...

..It is a challenge to those specializing in science and football to contribute to the success of such schemes...

..Rehydration is also relevant in securing the safety of firefighters prior to returning for the next event in their work shift...

..Further research into the applications of deep-water running to exercise therapy and athletes' training is recommended...

..It is unknown whether melatonin plays a role in some exercise training-related problems such as amenorrhoea and over-training syndrome...

..Use of scores on a single test of endurance which discriminates potentially talented under-age players' performance is insufficient for prediction of later performance, but such data could be useful when considered with other test scores...

..The modestly impaired performance (particularly with respect to balance) and thermoregulation during the LEI condition may increase susceptibility to both fatigue and injury during the pursuit of recreational activity outdoors...

..Periods of adverse weather, low energy intake, lowered fitness or increased age, can all increase the participants' susceptibility to injury, fatigue and hypothermia in the mountainous environment...

..The objective of this study is to investigate the association between actigraphic estimates of the sleep-wake rhythm and a range of functional domains that contribute to well-being in demented elderly patients...

..These data suggest that extreme changes in the concentrations of reproductive hormones do not affect the maximum force-generating capacity of young women...

..This study examined the isolated and combined effects of time of day and menstrual cycle phase on the determination of the lactate threshold (Tlac) and blood lactate concentration...

..Older players were more often injured during matches. Injury incidence and the frequency of overuse disorders were highest early in the season...

..A consideration of the relevant techniques used for the estimation of EE may also help improve the quality of these frequently reported measurements...

..Epidemiologic data on injuries in young female soccer players at elite levels are scarce...