Daniel J Green

..We aimed to quantify the effect that commonly adjusted ultrasound settings have on arterial lumen and wall thickness measurements made with CIMT measurement software...

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..B-vitamin supplements reduce tHcy and improve endothelial function in short term trials, but the long-term effects of the treatment on vascular structure and function are unknown...

..04, P=0.9). We conclude that conduit artery-stimulated endothelial NO function (FMD) does not reflect basal resistance vessel endothelial NO function in subjects with Type 2 diabetes...

..To briefly review some recent studies of cardiac and vascular adaptation to acute exercise and exercise training...

..This review considers the impact of exercise training on vascular adaptation in large and small arteries in humans...

..Although this finding should be confirmed with more and larger studies, we suggest that any direct measure of vascular (endothelial) function may provide independent prognostic information in humans...

..To examine the impact of age, sex and exercise on wall thickness and remodelling in the popliteal and brachial arteries...

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..We conclude that increased blood flow, and the likely attendant increase in shear stress, is a key physiological stimulus for enhancing microvascular vasodilator function in humans...

..These results demonstrate that exercise-induced changes in shear provide the principal physiological stimulus to adaptation in flow-mediated endothelial function and vascular remodeling in response to exercise training in healthy humans...

..If the relationship between SR and FMD is generally found to be weak or nonlinear or variable between samples, then ratio normalization should not be applied...

..05) across the 8-wk intervention period. Our data suggest that lower limb cycle training induces a transient increase in upper limb vascular function in healthy young humans, which is, at least partly, mediated via shear stress...

..This effect was found to be age dependent, which emphasizes the importance of using appropriate methodology to calculate the FMD...

..This raises the possibility that differences in artery size within or between individuals may influence functional responses...

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..This finding contributes to our understanding regarding the possible detrimental effects of retrograde shear rate in vivo...

..Our findings strongly implicate SR as an important stimulus to increase conduit artery diameter in humans...

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..Therefore, we support presenting SR(AUC) stimuli but not normalizing FMD responses for the SR(AUC) when using this technique...

..Repeated heating increases blood flow to levels that enhance endothelium-mediated vasodilator function in humans. These findings reinforce the importance of the direct impacts of shear stress on the vascular endothelium in humans...

..4% in healthy men. However, we have shown for the first time that prior RIPC of the lower limbs maintains postexercise brachial artery endothelium-dependent function at preexercise levels...

..211; P = 0.191). We conclude that, although short-term exercise training improves endothelium-dependent nitric oxide-mediated vascular function in both conduit and resistance vessels, the magnitude of these improvements are unrelated...

..In OS men, who had relatively preserved NO dilator function, no training adaptations were observed. This study has potential implications for the prevention of conduit artery endothelial dysfunction in men and women...

..We examined the thermoregulatory response to heat exposure in patients with chronic heart failure...

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..Our findings suggest that exercise has a systemic impact on remodeling of conduit arteries in humans and that resistance exercise training may be advantageous in subjects with chronic heart failure in this regard...

..In conclusion, different types of exercise present different haemodynamic stimuli to the endothelium, which may result in differential effects of shear stress on the vasculature...

..These results suggest that exercise-induced changes in shear rate are not obligatory for arterial wall remodeling during a period of 8 wk of exercise training in healthy humans...

..In conclusion, when taken together, these data suggest a transient depression in cardiac and leg vascular function following prolonged intensive exercise...

..Inactivity and exercise have direct "vascular deconditioning and conditioning" effects which likely modify cardiovascular risk...

..This infers a reduced function of the intrinsic endothelial NO-vasodilator system in the morning. We also report, for the first time, that a bout of intermittent exercise abolishes this diurnal variation in endothelium-dependent FMD...

..Benefits may partly arise from a decline in limb blood flow; however, no study has comprehensively investigated the influence of different degrees of cooling undertaken via cold water immersion on limb blood flow responses...

..If vascular dysfunction is an integral component of the pathogenesis of vascular disease, this study supports the value of an exercise program in the management of obese adolescents...

..More sophisticated approaches to measurement of FMD are required if it is to be considered a valid biomarker of vascular disease...

..05). These data indicate that diabetic and control subjects exhibit similar responses to hypoxia in the presence of alpha-adrenergic blockade despite evidence of exaggerated alpha-mediated vasoconstriction at rest...

..We conclude that, in these subjects with antecedent vascular dysfunction, the beneficial effects of relatively short-term exercise training on vascular function are not solely mediated by the effects of exercise on CV risk factors...

..The number of obese children with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes is increasing, but the best management strategy is not clear...

..The aim of this study was to assess vascular responses after exercise at different times of day...

..Exercise training may provide additional cardiovascular benefits for hypercholesterolaemic patients including those taking lipid-lowering medication...

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..The aim of this study was to compare the impact of transradial catheterization with hydrophilic-coated catheter sheaths versus uncoated sheaths on NO-mediated endothelial-dependent and -independent vasodilator function...

..Studies performed in animals and humans strongly suggest that exercise training and physical activity enhance arterial endothelial function. Studies of athletes have, however, been less definitive...

..The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of anabolic steroid (AS) use on cardiac structure and function and cardiovascular risk factors...

..Arterial adaptation may, to some extent, emulate that evident in the hearts of endurance athletes, and it is tempting to speculate that similar mechanisms may be at play...

..These findings also raise the possibility of a lower homeostatic "set point" for vascular function following a period of sleep and in the absence of perturbing hemodynamic fluctuation...

..This study aimed to assess the impact of seasonal changes in physical activity (PA) and body composition on conduit artery endothelial function in children...

..Since higher levels of NO confer anti-atherogenic benefit, this study has potential implications for the prevention of microvascular dysfunction in humans...

..This raises the possibility of an endothelium-independent contribution to the flow-induced vasodilatation in humans...

..This study compared methods of body composition assessment in obese young people to determine whether changes in various measures of body composition as a result of exercise training were correlated...

..Changes in vascular tone with exercise may modify the intrinsic characteristics of the vessel wall and could compromise the assumptions underlying transfer functions used to derive central measures using applanation tonometry...

..34). Heart rate and norepinephrine levels were higher in the afternoon following prazosin. These data indicate that α(1)-adrenoreceptor activity does not explain lower morning endothelium-dependent FMD...

..These data suggest that localized effects of exercise are evident in the remodeling of arterial size, whereas arterial wall thickness appears to be affected by systemic factors...

..This might relate to the less frequent and smaller magnitude of skin blood flow responses to heat stimuli, compared with controls, than physical inactivity per se...

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..This is the first prospective, longitudinal randomized study exploring the effect of endurance (E) versus resistance (R) exercise training on RV morphology using magnetic resonance imaging...

..A further aim was to examine the effect of local handgrip exercise training on radial artery L-FMC and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) after transradial catheterization...

..Our findings provide some support for the 'Morganroth hypothesis', as it pertains to LV remodelling in response to endurance training, but cast some doubt over the proposal that remodelling occurs in response to resistance training...

..Moreover, studies should examine the role of (hemodynamic) stimuli that underlie the characteristic vascular adaptations during deconditioning. Our review concludes with some suggestions for future research directions...

..Finally, we discuss the impact of exercise training in terms of primary prevention of wall thickening in healthy subjects and remodelling of arteries in subjects with existing cardiovascular disease and risk factors...

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..Therefore, the 6WT has limited utility as a serial measure to assess changes in the clinical status of patients with severe heart failure...

..Future research efforts should focus directly on examination of the 'prehabilitation' hypothesis and the efficacy of different interventions aimed at reducing clinical complications of common interventional procedures...

..The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of different types and intensities of lower limb exercise on the BA flow pattern...

..We also determined relationships between physical activity and fitness in each twin subset...

..03). In these normal community subjects, plasma homocysteine and HDL-cholesterol were predictors of FMD despite subjects being recruited without regard to these variables and despite normal plasma levels...

..The outcome is a series of recommendations on the basis of review and critical appraisal of recent physiological studies, pertaining to the most appropriate methods to assess FMD in humans...

..Recent commentaries, case reports and case series data have posed the question whether you can 'overdose on exercise', and that is the focus of this brief review...

..The addition of anti-TNFalpha treatment to conventional therapy, in those with severe RA, reduces inflammatory symptoms and improves endothelial function, potentially lowering future atherosclerotic risk...

..These results provide evidence for the benefit of exercise training, as an adjunct to routine therapy, in patients with a history of CAD...

..We assessed the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity on flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and endothelial-dependent vasodilation and carotid intima-medial thickness (cIMT) in young people...

..These data do not support the hypothesis that brachial artery FMD in healthy humans represents a systemic index of endothelial function...

..This study supports the value of an exercise program in the treatment of obese children in a primary prevention setting...

..The purpose of this statement is to inform and guide exercise practitioners and health professionals in the safe and effective prescription and supervision of exercise for patients with CHF...

..Despite this long-term training effect on arterial structure, resumption of training further enhances diameter, an effect that occurs within 3 months...

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..CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to PImax and Pthmax, which changed with successive tests, a single measure of the ratio Pthmax/PImax may present a useful guide to the endurance capacity of the respiratory muscles in patients with COPD...