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..They also show that multiple ancestral disease mutations do not necessarily preclude linkage disequilibrium mapping, if highly polymorphic markers or multi-locus haplotypes are used...

..We show how this method can be used for both the selection of maximally informative sib pairs for genotyping and the subsequent analysis of such selected samples...

..This index, which has a sib correlation of 0.22, will be used as a quantitative phenotype in the molecular genetic phase of GENESiS...

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..Sophisticated pooling designs are being developed that can take account of hidden population stratification, confounders and inter-loci interactions, and that allow the analysis of haplotypes...

..In large sibships, the new method is slightly more powerful than variance-components models. The proposed method provides a practical and powerful tool for the linkage analysis of quantitative traits...

..The results also suggest that both parametric and nonparametric methods are suitable for linkage analysis of complex disorders in small pedigrees. However, whether these results apply to large pedigrees remains to be answered...

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..We have implemented this method using the SNPHAP and Mx programs and illustrated its use on published data on idiopathic generalized epilepsy...

..We also describe both how the power of linkage is attenuated by incomplete linkage and incomplete marker information and how the power of association is attenuated by incomplete linkage disequilibrium...

..SUMMARY: A website for performing power calculations for the design of linkage and association genetic mapping studies of complex traits. AVAILABILITY: The package is made available athttp://statgen.iop.kcl.ac.uk/gpc/...

..A corollary is that, in affected sib-pair analysis, the 'informativeness' of a sibship is more nearly proportional to the number of affected sib-pairs than to the number of affected siblings, up to about five affected siblings...

..The application of neural networks to such problems shows considerable promise and further work could usefully be directed towards optimising the design and implementation of such networks...

..We also report a novel, rare one-repeat variant of the DRD4 exon 3 VNTR repeat in Chinese populations, which appears to be absent in Caucasians and is not associated with disease...

..These results provide further evidence suggesting that genetic variation at 5-HT2A receptors may influence clozapine response and strengthen the candidacy of these receptors as important therapeutic targets...

..In comparison to previous methods of selecting phenotypically extreme sibships for genotyping, the proposed method is considerably more efficient and is robust with regard to the specification of the genetic model...

..However, our results are compatible with the view that this region of HLA might contain a susceptibility gene which is in linkage disequilibrium with DRB1 and DQA1 genes...

..A memory-efficient algorithm is developed which enables several highly polymorphic markers to be analysed...

..To our knowledge, this is the first study to report an association of the 3' end of TPH1 with continuous measures of depression and anxiety...

..Appropriate modelling of life events in linkage and association analyses should help to identify QTLs for depression and anxiety...

..We show that this approximation is sufficiently accurate for practical purposes in small to moderately large pedigrees, and that large sibships are more efficient than other family structures under a range of genetic models...

..This flexible feature is useful for researchers who wish to prioritize genomic regions or SNPs in an association study. AVAILABILITY: The online WCLUSTAG program is available at http://bioinfo.hku.hk/wclustag/..

..The positive and negative components of schizotypy are relatively genetically independent, although each in turn may be related to Cognitive Disorganization...

..We investigated whether school performance at age 16 is associated with risk of adult schizophrenia and other psychoses in a large national cohort, while controlling for multiple confounders...

..Bivariate genetic model fitting (adjusted to account for selection) was used to quantify the genetic relationship between schizophrenia and brain volumes and to estimate the heritability of these volumes...

..The association we observed between inhalers and the DRD4 polymorphism is difficult to interpret, although it is possible that the association is explained by different levels of novelty seeking between the two subgroups...

..We propose a tightly linked protective factor which modifies the toxic effect of mutant SOD1 in recessive families...

..Nevertheless, the new method allows researchers greater flexibility in analysing linkage data for diseases in which one or more risk polymorphisms have already been identified...

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..The results provide support for the existence of additional susceptibility loci linked to D10S1211 and to D12S358...

..Thus, recent evidence increasingly supports a dimensional approach in the understanding of the functional psychoses, and this is expected to have implications for etiologic research and future clinical treatment...

..This more flexible implementation of the DF model allows DZ-O twins to be incorporated in a sex-limitation model. Brief simulation results are presented along with the Mx scripts used...

..Maternal exposure to influenza at approximately the third to fourth month of gestation may be risk factor for developing mental handicap...

..The program, documentation and a tutorial, containing worked examples and specimen input and output files, is available at http://statgen.iop.kcl.ac.uk/lsc ...

..We hypothesized that the aetiology and form of schizophrenia may differ in such patients. We therefore studied a group of schizophrenic patients who were functioning well enough to enter university prior to illness onset...

..We assessed the usefulness of the P300 wave as endophenotype for schizophrenia by means of a meta-analysis of the literature as well as our own family study...

..Here, we describe a new method for LOD score analysis of quantitative traits which does not require specification of a mode of inheritance...

..Our findings supported the use of the hit reaction time measure of the CPT as an endophenotype marker for schizophrenia...

..Although they are common, the etiology of these conditions is poorly understood. A large population case-control study in the Southern Chinese was performed to study genetic risk factors to DDD...

..The authors used region-of-interest morphometry to volumetrically assess brain structures frequently implicated in psychotic illness in families affected with schizophrenia or psychotic bipolar disorder...

..CHRNA7 is involved in memory formation, a core dysfunction in schizophrenia. The authors set out to determine if this locus is associated with memory dysfunction in schizophrenia...

..Dimensional structures are established for many psychiatric diagnoses, but dimensions have not been compared between diagnostic groups...

..26-4.25) even after adjusting for BMD. In conclusion, ESR2 is involved in BMD determination in both sexes. The T-1213C polymorphism influences the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women independent of BMD...

..In conclusion, there is a statistically significant association between ADHD and dopamine system genes, especially DRD4 and DRD5. These findings strongly implicate the involvement of brain dopamine systems in the pathogenesis of ADHD...

..The effect of each polymorphism on BMD variance ranged from 1% to 4%. In conclusion, ERalpha, ERbeta and LRP5 are important candidate genes determining BMD variation, especially in females...

..We illustrate using these tests to dissect a multi-locus association. AVAILABILITY: WHAP is a C/C++ program, freely available from the author's website: http://pngu.mgh.harvard.edu/purcell/whap/..

..Our results show that CLUMPHAP tends to have greater power than the omnibus haplotype test and is comparable in power to multiple regression locus-coding approaches...

..3 (P = 3.3 x 10(-18) overall; P = 9.6 x 10(-17) replication), which tags a plausible causative gene, EIF3H. These data provide further evidence for the 'common-disease common-variant' model of CRC predisposition...

..This study clarifies the potential influence of population admixture on the performance of TDTs...

..The present study investigated the 2-week prevalence of depressive symptoms in college freshmen from Beijing and Hong Kong. The relationship between depression and 3 personality factors in these college freshmen was analyzed...

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..Finally, we demonstrate increased differentiation at non-synonymous, compared to synonymous, SNPs, resulting from systematic differences in the strength or efficacy of natural selection between populations...

..The authors investigated the roles of PAX6 and SOX2 in common myopia as part of a broader association study of refractive error...

..Any case-control sample employing an Israeli sample with Northern Europeans must consider stratification. A Northern European tag set, however, appears to be appropriate for capturing the variation across populations...

..The association with information subtest score suggests an effect of RGS4 on premorbid functioning, which may be related to neurodevelopmental processes. Further independent studies are required to verify our findings...

..Analysis of the patterns of segmental sharing has the potential to map disease loci that contain multiple rare variants in a population-based linkage analysis...

..Evidence was gained to suggest that several chromosomal loci regulate BMD in a site-specific and sex-specific manner...

..We evaluated, in a 5-year prospective study, whether RETN polymorphisms could predict the progression of glycaemia in southern Chinese...

..8, 95% CI: 1.0-8.0, P = 0.042). The greater his or her familial loading for schizophrenia, the more likely a MAMP user is to develop psychosis, and the longer that psychosis is likely to last...

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..Second, because the nonepistatic variance component estimates in submodels can partially absorb epistatic variance when it is not explicitly modeled, power to formally detect epistasis is low...

..We investigated whether MMN is a potential marker of genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia by comparing MMN in a group of patients with schizophrenia, their unaffected relatives, and controls...

..000, P = 0.046) which did not survive correction for multiple testing. Our results suggest that there is no association between the MOG gene polymorphisms we tested and GTS...

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..We illustrate MPIC by assessing the relative information content of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and microsatellite markers...

..The flexibility of Mx allows the modelling of multivariate data to examine the genetic and environmental relations between two or more phenotypes and the modelling to categorical traits under liability-threshold models...

..S-TDT approaches appear more practical. These estimates will aid in planning of such studies...

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..Overall this finding supports a role for the PRODH locus in schizophrenia...

..01, OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.10-1.18) were significant but the latter was weak. We conclude that genetic variation in the dopamine system may encode an additive effect on risk of becoming a methamphetamine abuser...

..However, the severity or the origin of these ABRC changes has not been established...

..Hence we conclude that in general both conditional and unconditional analyses should be performed when searching for additional loci...

..Although each SNP accounts for a small amount of variance, their effects are additive and they can be combined in a 'SNP set' that can be used as a genetic risk index for MMI in behavioral genomic analyses...

..When cases and unaffected relatives were analyzed separately, met66 was associated with a lower score on the WMS delayed measure in the relatives only (R2 = 0.077 P = 0.01), which is consistent with previous findings...

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..The present study seeks to differentiate between fatigue and depression/anxiety and to investigate the familiality/heritability of fatigue using sib-pairs...

..The program and source code is freely available at http://cogent.iop.kcl.ac.uk/MaGIC.cogx...

..AVAILABILITY: http://hkumath.hku.hk/web/link/CLUSTAG/CLUSTAG.html CONTACT: ...

..This study employs an association approach to examine the genetic underpinning of methamphetamine (MAMP) use and MAMP-induced psychosis...

..To test the hypothesis of a major genetic determinant of intraocular pressure (IOP) under the mixed genetic model in a defined population, and to elucidate the relationship between IOP and glaucoma...

..For more than a century, it has been uncertain whether or not the major diagnostic categories of psychosis--schizophrenia and bipolar disorder--are distinct disease entities with specific genetic causes and neuroanatomical substrates...

..2) around 64 cM (43-70 cM) near marker D1S2892 and another on chromosome 6p (LOD 2.7) around 47 cM (34-63 cM) near marker D6S1610. Further exploratory sex-specific analyses suggested that these QTLs might have sex-limited effects...

..CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the nuclear syndrome shows substantial heritability, although this is slightly lower than that for schizophrenia as defined by the DSM and ICD systems...

..Further analyses of candidate genes are warranted to identify QTL genes and variants underlying the variations of BMD in this region...

..These patterns of neurocognitive deficits may represent "endophenotypes" denoting varying degrees of vulnerability to schizophrenia and may be of value in future molecular genetic studies...

..In the present study, we further evaluated the prospective association of A-FABP with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) as defined by the updated National Cholesterol Education Program criteria...