Edgar Jones

..This shift from predisposition to the characteristics of the event itself reduced guilt and blame, while the undermining of secondary gain made it easier to award financial compensation...

..In an era before classification systems were tested for reliability, diagnosis was fluid, reflecting changing hypotheses about causation, pathology and treatment. Attributions were associated with diagnosis rather than symptoms...

..Nevertheless, the message conveyed in the film that chronic cases could be treated in a single session had a powerful resonance for ambitious or charismatic doctors and was revived in World War II...

..This had been recognized during the First World War when it was shown that the symptoms of stress mimicked those of mild exposure to gas. Debate about long-term effects followed the suggestion that gassing triggered latent tuberculosis...

..To discover the content of enduring beliefs held by first world war veterans about their experience of having been gassed...

..These findings suggest that the hard-won lessons of shell shock continue to have relevance today...

..The design and operation of Maghull and the Maudsley provided models for departments of psychological medicine in the post-war period...

..The US Army used PIE techniques in Korea and Vietnam. Although widely accepted as an effective intervention, forward psychiatry is not amenable to random-controlled trials and only one controlled outcome study has been conducted...

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..These associations, observed in the aftermath of recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, have again raised questions about the place of alcohol in military culture...

..Institutions unwilling to embrace a charity's philosophy were unlikely to secure grants, while those that did might find themselves drawn into less optimal areas...

..Others have suggested that PTSD is a novel presentation that has resulted from a modern interaction between trauma and culture...

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..In 1939 official attitudes hardened and it is commonly stated that few pensions were awarded for post-combat syndromes...

..It remains uncertain who is being served by the intervention: whether it is the individual soldier or the needs of the military...

..Our data contribute to the debate on the changing patterns of human responses to traumatic experience and their historical and social context...

..We conclude that chaplains are capable of contributing significantly to the mental health of armed forces personnel if they are able to do so in informal and collaborative way...

..To identify patterns of somatisation in army personnel diagnosed with postcombat syndromes from the Boer War to the Gulf conflict...

..An international, multidisciplinary, and multiinstitutional consensus project was completed to summarize current knowledge on unexplained symptoms after terrorism and war...

..Postcombat disorders suffered by U.K. servicemen after the Boer War and World War I were not generally associated with an increased mortality...

..To discover whether post-combat syndromes have existed after modern wars and what relation they bear to each other...