Sara R Jaffee

..This study is the first to distinguish prospectively between juvenile- and adult-onset cases of MDD in a representative birth cohort followed up from childhood into adulthood...

..These results suggest that public policy initiatives should be targeted not only at delaying childbearing in the population but at supporting individual at-risk mothers and their children...

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..However, early childbearing exacerbated the difficulties associated with these risk factors...

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..Marriage may not be the answer to the problems faced by some children living in single-parent families unless their fathers can become reliable sources of emotional and economic support...

..It is important for healthy social relationships and thus may contribute towards children's involvement in bullying. The present study investigated whether children involved in bullying during early adolescence had poor ToM in childhood...

..However, genetic influences on disruptive behavior did not explain why household chaos was heritable...

..We discuss the implications of these findings for intervention efforts to reduce antisocial behavior and for basic research on the etiology and course of antisocial behavior...

..Genetic etiology is unknown because most research with young children focuses on environmental risk factors, and the few existing studies of young twins used only mothers' reports of behaviour, which may be biased...

..However, in the absence of child self-reports, mothers can be considered as a viable alternative, and vice versa...

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..We outline specific research questions and study designs needed to build the lacking evidence base for or against proposed changes to DSM-V conduct disorder...

..Harsh parenting practices and negative parental feelings may be environmental risk factors for low self-control in children. Children may also evoke certain parenting reactions...

..Chronic maltreatment has been associated with the poorest developmental outcomes, but its effects may depend on the age when the maltreatment began, or be confounded by co-occurring psychosocial risk factors...

..The study concludes that the timing of entry to nonmaternal care in the first 3 years has neither positive nor negative effects on children's outcomes...

..Future studies should conduct formal tests of Fetal Genotype x Maternal Smoking interactions...

..Results are discussed in terms of the openness of the parent-child relationship in adulthood to further development...

..The findings support the hypothesis that physical maltreatment plays a causal role in the development of children's antisocial behavior and that preventing maltreatment can prevent its violent sequelae...

..Results are discussed in terms of supportive versus harsh parenting, mother-father differences, and the characteristics of the sample...

..Certain genotypes may promote resistance to trauma. Physically maltreated children whose first-degree relatives engage in antisocial behavior warrant priority for therapeutic intervention...

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..characteristics distinguish resilient from non-resilient maltreated children? Do children's individual strengths promote resilience even when children are exposed to multiple family and neighborhood stressors (cumulative stressors model)?..

..The cumulative consequences of early-onset conduct disorder and assortative mating for antisocial behavior may explain the long-term effects of conduct disorder on young adult functioning...

..Possible underlying proximal mechanisms are discussed, including maternal speech and mind-mindedness, sibling interactions, and peer influences...

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..The authors conclude that risk factors for maltreatment are less likely to reside within the child and more likely to reside in characteristics that differ between families...

..To estimate the prevalence and stability of social, emotional, and academic competence in a nationally representative sample of children involved with child protective services...