T C Eley

..Bivariate genetic analyses of the measures indicated that the genetic influences on anxiety and depression were shared for all four groups, a finding that has been consistently demonstrated for adults...

..As much of the terminology is specific to the field, this introductory guide aims to aid readers who may be unfamiliar with the approaches of this discipline...

..These results extend the literature on HBP and panic and suggest that in children, as in adults, increased panic/somatic symptoms are associated with enhanced ability to perceive internal physiological cues, and fear of such sensations...

..This introductory guide presents the main two analytical approaches used by molecular geneticists: linkage and association...

..However, little is known about the genetics of these categories and especially about the phenotypic and genetic structure of related behaviours in pre-school children...

..These data are in agreement with the hypothesis that aggressive ASB is a stable heritable trait as compared to nonaggressive behavior, which is more strongly influenced by the environment and shows less genetic stability over time...

..We found weak evidence for association with COMT genotype, when the females and males were considered separately, and for MAOA genotype in males only. There was no significant interaction between COMT and MAOA...

..The data also support a role for genetic influence on threat interpretations, which may mediate responses to stress...

..Patterns within these results due to rater effects, age effects, sex effects, the precise phenotype measured, and the study design are explored...

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..Behavioral genetic analyses confirmed the distinction between these two dimensions, and bivariate analyses revealed that the association between the two was primarily accounted for by shared genetic factors...

..Because the genetic and environmental origins of V and P delays in infancy differ, they are better considered separately rather than combined into a composite measure of general cognitive delay...

..These results clarify the associations between life events and depressive and anxious symptoms in children and adolescents and reveal specific associations previously unidentified in this age range...

..We examined the genetic and environmental influences on the comorbidity between three common childhood anxiety disorders: Specific Phobia, Separation Anxiety and Social Phobia...

..The implications of this result for theories of cognitive development are discussed...

..09-.21) and non-shared environmental (.23-.68) influences. The findings provide further evidence for a hierarchical structure underlying different dimensions of anxiety sensitivity...

..While these effects are often studied independently, evidence supports their co-occurrence on depression...

..To establish the direction and etiology of longitudinal associations between sleep problems and depression symptoms in children...

..Bivariate analyses supported the conclusion that the etiologies of aggressive and nonaggressive antisocial behavior differ for males and females...

..Implications for attributional style as a marker reflecting genetic risks are discussed...

..Together, these routes accounted for approximately 13% of total phenotypic variance in depressive symptoms. Theoretical and analytical implications of these results are discussed in the context of several design-related caveats...

..method: Questionnaires assessing diurnal preference, sleep quality and externalizing behaviours were completed by 1556 young adult twins and siblings...

..Appropriate modelling of life events in linkage and association analyses should help to identify QTLs for depression and anxiety...

..Longitudinal analyses revealed that continuity was largely explained by genes. Unique environmental influences were predominantly time-specific and were the major source of individual differences...

..Third, the authors explored the influence of family environment variables. Fourth, the authors sought interactions between parental familial vulnerability and family environment...

..To examine the etiologies of covariation of childhood sleep problems and other behavioral/emotional problems in young children...

..Twin correlations based on parent reports suggest greater genetic influence (M=50%) than those based on child self-report (M=18%). Possible rater effects should be considered when evaluating children's sleep problems...

..Information about the psychiatric histories of adults with anxiety disorders was examined to further inform nosology and etiological/ preventive efforts...

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..To investigate the association between normative repetitive routines of childhood and paediatric obsessive compulsive symptom syndrome (OCSS) and the extent to which it is genetically mediated...

..These latter findings may result from interpersonal cognitions in young children, reflecting life experiences as opposed to trait-like cognitive biases...

..We examined genetic and environmental influences on childhood AS, HBP, panic/somatic ratings, and their associations...

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..This study aimed to examine both the phenotypic and genetic differentiation of ARB subtypes within the general population at age 7 and 9. It constituted a follow-up to an earlier study of ARBs in preschool children...

..do not?; 2) to what extent do genetic and environmental factors influence maternal control and child anxiety?; 3) to what extent do genetic and environmental factors influence the associations between child anxiety and maternal control?..

..Family history studies of co-morbidity have found familial aggregation with tics, especially for early-onset OCD, and familial aggregation with anxiety disorders...

..Associations between sleep and internalizing problems are complex and poorly understood. To better understand these covarying difficulties, genetic and environmental influences were estimated by using a twin design...

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..The pattern of associations was largely similar in boys and girls. We discuss these results in terms of developmental models of the links between antisocial behavior and depressed mood...

..60 (1.05-2.45), p = .030) but not depressive disorders (OR (95% CI) = .99 (.63-1.56), p = .959). Persistent sleep problems in childhood may be an early risk indicator of anxiety in adulthood...

..These have important implications in guiding future psychiatric research, mental health practice, and policy-making bodies...

..Negative life events were the only factor that had a direct nonshared environmental association with concurrent depressive symptoms in adolescents independent of previous depressive symptoms, and all other study variables...

..The present study reports prevalence estimates in a community sample of 6-year-old twins, and patterns of genetic and environmental influences on these early-onset anxiety disorders...

..These relationships have mainly been considered in terms of social risk mechanisms, and little is known about the role of genetic influences...

..Little, however, is known about the relationship between these variables and whether these too are genetically correlated...

..The implications of these results for vulnerability mechanisms involving stress reactivity on anxiety are discussed...

..Molecular genetic research is beginning to identify quantitative trait loci that are associated with the genetically related emotional domains of neuroticism, anxiety and depression...

..Some candidate genes for ADHD could also contribute to variation in IQ or vice versa...

..0-2.3). The common environment did not contribute significantly in any of the analyses but showed a trend for a greater role in extreme group membership. These results are in good agreement with previous data...

..Although the power of the sibling data is low, the combined findings from the two designs suggest that genetic effects on depressive symptoms in childhood may be somewhat smaller than previously estimated in twin studies...

..To examine the extent to which genetic and environmental factors influence components of sleep quality; the degree to which these components co-occur; and genetic and environmental influences on this co-occurrence...

..Therefore, those genes already known to influence one phenotype may be possible candidates to explore with regards to the other phenotype...

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..In addition to the careful conceptualisation of new studies, it is suggested that data already collected should be re-analysed in light of increased understanding of processes influencing phobias...

..A proportion of children catastrophized about the consequences of sleeplessness and this was associated with sleep disturbance, an association which was mediated through anxiety and depression symptoms...

..These findings demonstrate that knowledge of genetic markers has the potential to inform clinical treatment decisions for psychotherapeutic interventions...

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..Each phenotype was subject to its own environmental influences that were not shared...

..The hypothesis that the aggressive pathway is genetically mediated was supported in girls, whereas the hypothesis that the nonaggressive pathway is environmentally dependent was supported in boys...

..This association was largely due to avoidance of angry and fearful expressions. These results provide preliminary evidence that anxiety is associated with attentional biases in children as in adults...

..Depression rises markedly in adolescence, a time when increased and new genetic influences have been reported...

..We interpret these preliminary findings tentatively in the context of gene-environment interaction on anxiety in general, and on early separation and later panic anxiety in particular...

..Using a genetically informative design, we examine heterogeneity in antisocial behaviour and overlaps between different forms of antisocial behaviour with depressed mood...