A S David

..This study set out to compare cerebral activation in schizophrenia patients versus controls during a self-evaluation task which included positive and negative traits as well as mental and physical illness terms...

..The medial frontal cortex appears to play an important role in self-appraisal in health and disease...

..In conclusion, video self-confrontation seems to be a safe and potentially effective means of enhancing insight, but evidence for a specific effect is lacking...

..Finding the distinctive characteristics of psychotic phenomena in people with clinical disorders, in addition to their origins in 'normal' cognitive processes, is a worthwhile goal...

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..We provide the first evidence for a distinction between two schizophrenic patient subgroups on the basis of recognition of and neural response to different negative facial expressions...

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..We sought to investigate the associations of regaining capacity to make treatment decisions following approximately 1 month of in-patient psychiatric treatment...

..The anterior insula is known to be involved in responses to offensive tastes. The neural response to facial expressions of disgust in others is thus closely related to appraisal of distasteful stimuli...

..Of the 63 with capacity, 6 (9.5%) were detained. CONCLUSIONS: Lack of treatment-related decisional capacity is a common but by no means inevitable correlate of admission to a psychiatric in-patient unit...

..We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore the neural substrate for representational momentum...

..Moreover, the study aims to contrast the strength of the relationship of premorbid personality and awareness with that of cognitive factors...

..The finding complements earlier demonstrations that damage to the right amygdala is associated with impaired processing of fear; amelioration of right amygdala function may conversely be associated with an improvement...

..The findings of reduced semantic fluency production and poor logical word associations may represent a disorganised storage of semantic information in deluded patients, which in turn affects efficient access...

..The results also suggest that the amygdala has a role in processing a wide range of emotional expressions...

..These findings are consistent with the theory that schizophrenic thought disorder arises from a deficit in the use of linguistic context to process and produce speech...

..The results indicate that WCST deficits in elderly controls are due to limited capacity, whereas in patient with schizophrenia, the problem may be due to the impaired monitoring of responses...

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..The self-relevant stimuli engaged to a differential extent long term and working memory, semantic and emotional processes. We suggest that regions activated by these stimuli are engaged in self-processing...

..In conclusion, awareness is multiply fractionated and multiply determined. Therapeutic interventions could, therefore, produce beneficial changes within specific domains of awareness...

..However, some temporal regions, such as the posterior part of the right superior temporal sulcus, appear to be common processing sites for processing both seen speech and gurns...

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..DISCUSSION: Depersonalisation disorder comprises a measurable cluster of symptoms which may be quantified with the help of self-report scales. Primary and secondary forms overlap, with depressed mood a frequent feature...

..This adds to evidence for an early critical period in the development of amygdala function...

..001). In conclusion, therefore, international variation exists and encompasses clinical practice aspects for both the patient and the depot formulation per se. Our participants wanted more involvement in treatment decision making...

..Previous studies have suggested an association between long-stay and both schizophrenia and challenging behaviour, as well as rehousing or placement difficulties, but no UK study to date has compared such cases with control admissions...

..The associations of insight into illness and clinical and socio-demographic variables in schizophrenia have been examined, yet little attention has been given to premorbid functioning, insight change and outcomes...

..Activity in the rostral anterior cingulate was associated with self-reports of personal distress and increased blood flow to the anterior cingulate (BA24) and inferior parietal cortex (BA40) was related to self-other overlap...

..Because it is a legal concept there is a need to clarify associations with variables that clinicians are more familiar with, especially insight...

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..This suggests that the left posterior perisylvian cortex is of fundamental importance to language processing, regardless of the modality in which it is conveyed...

..Distinct regions within the temporal cortex are not only differentially sensitive to perception of the distinctive articulators for speech and for sign but also show sensitivity to the different articulators within the (signed) language...

..The findings demonstrate the extent to which neural substrates for image transformation and perception overlap and are distinct as well as revealing functional specialisation within perception and transformation processing systems...

..Concerns about patient acceptance continue as do negative views about some aspects of LAI use; these may compromise medication choices offered to patients...

..CONCLUSIONS: Emotion recognition deficits in schizophrenia are trait features of the disorder and increase with illness duration...

..CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a physiological distinction between bipolar and unipolar depression. The significantly diminished left hemifacial bias in depressed patients suggests right hemisphere dysfunction...

..We investigated whether school performance at age 16 is associated with risk of adult schizophrenia and other psychoses in a large national cohort, while controlling for multiple confounders...

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..Young North American males were overrepresented in our sample, but comparison with other surveys indicates that the population sampled by the Internet is becoming more representative...

..Although forced medication is sometimes required, the experience of coercion should be minimised by giving patients a fair say in treatment decisions, regardless of formulation...

..We suggest that this region may play a key role in using pragmatic, semantic (selection restriction), and subcategorical information to construct a higher representation of meaning of sentences...

..What data there are show a positive attitude to depots from patients. Future randomised controlled trials should include satisfaction as an outcome...

..The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between post-operative depressive/anxiety symptoms and hippocampal/amygdala volumes following anterior temporal lobectomy...

..The findings of this study provide further support to the idea that patients with depersonalization have a selective impairment in the processing of threatening or unpleasant emotional stimuli...

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..84). CONCLUSIONS: In combination with a clinical interview, the MacCAT-T can be used to produce highly reliable judgements of capacity...

..INTERPRETATION: Mental incapacity is common in acutely ill medical inpatients, and clinicians tend not to recognise it. Screening methods for cognitive impairment could be useful in detecting those with doubtful capacity to consent...

..Transcultural studies have found lack of insight to be an almost invariable feature of acute and chronic schizophrenia, but its influence on prognosis is unclear...

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..Such contributions coupled with traditional phenomenological methods should provide the foundations for a cognitive neuropsychiatry of delusions...

..We conclude that the amygdala may play an important role in the neural systems supporting the normal development of ToM reasoning...

..The aim of this study was to explore the extent of lack of insight and its components in eating disorders (EDs) and to investigate the relationship between insight and clinical and cognitive characteristics in this group...

..To evaluate the frequency and intensity of psychiatric disorders in a group of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients from a tertiary-care center...

..Theory of mind ability was related to self-awareness and a possible role for metacognition and affective processes in self-awareness is discussed to account for social self-awareness deficits...

..The aim of this study was to investigate the association between visual hallucinations and a specific type of reality-monitoring deficit, namely confusion between imagined and perceived pictures...

..Cognitive deficits are widespread in psychiatric disorders and should be taken into account in clinical interactions...

..Two features may be relevant in the genesis of depersonalization...

..Methodological variables, such as type of analysis and magnet strength, were also independent predictors of amygdala activation...

..We conclude that RLAI may contribute to normalization of brain activation in regions involved in working memory functioning in people with chronic schizophrenia...

..This study aims to quantify the association of insight with outcome, sociodemographic variables and diagnosis in a large stable patient sample...

..These findings suggest affective empathy to be reliant on intact emotional experience in the observer. In addition, excessive self-focus may be detrimental to an empathic response...

..In England and Wales mental health services need to take account of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and the Mental Health Act 1983. The overlap between these two causes dilemmas for clinicians...

..PCA-based analysis could be useful in isolating brain response to salient facial features in psychiatric populations...

..Specifically, carriage of the ADRA2B deletion abolished the relative memory impairment in homozygous COMT val(158) carriers compared to met(158) carriers...

..It is suggested that more consideration should be given to depression and motivation in the investigation of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, as well as in cognitive remediation strategies...

..Anecdotal and biographical reports suggest that bipolar disorder may be associated with high IQ or creativity, but evidence for any such connection is weak...

..The aim of this study was to investigate the verbal working memory deficit and decrease of motor and cognitive speed in patients with schizophrenia, and to clarify their associations with negative and depressive symptomatology...

..Increased engagement of the inferior frontal cortex during verbal-fluency may thus be a marker of genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia...

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..This semantic abnormality is not a feature of the patients with high ratings of certain negative symptoms...

..The authors present an extended meta-analysis of processing speed and other specific cognitive functions in schizophrenia and examine the role of potential moderator variables...

..These data suggest that premorbid IQ is involved in visual-recognition efficiency. However, the deficit observed in patients is accounted for by decreased processing speed...

..It is possible that the left hemisphere has a particular role in the perception of emotion conveyed through meaningful speech...

..The studies we reviewed looked at the effects on summary measures, for example, quality of life, as well as simpler, more self-explanatory outcomes such as employment, marital status, financial independence and housing...

..The results support distinct dorsal-ventral locations for phonologic and semantic processes within the LIFG. Current limitations to meta-analytic integration of published functional neuroimaging studies are discussed...

..The neural mechanisms underlying this deficit and the relationship with different symptoms remain poorly understood...

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..These initial results suggest that a CBT approach to DPD may be effective, but further trials with larger sample sizes and more rigorous research methodology are needed to determine the specificity of this approach...

..Hallucinations and anhedonia therefore presented an opposite association with the response bias. The influence of word frequency and delay on this association is discussed...

..In contrast to previous studies, our results do not support the view the right hemispheric is specifically involved in metaphor comprehension...

..Depersonalization has long been considered a syndrome but there is poor agreement on its constituent symptoms...

..These findings, if applicable to the wider population, may have application in a range of psychiatric disorders where interactions between emotion and cognition are relevant...

..RLAI discontinuation is high early on but subsequently tapers off. Preceding antipsychotic type (depot versus oral) is a stronger prognostic indicator than treatment refractoriness for RLAI discontinuation...

..These results suggest that depth of semantic organization is a crucial factor of verbal memory performance in schizophrenia. However, semantic organizational deficit does not account for the whole recall impairment...

..05) but no changes in other cytokines. These data show that multisymptom illness in Gulf War veterans is characterized by ongoing Th1-type immune activation and a biased generation of memory cells secreting the suppressor cytokine, IL-10...

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..These findings suggest that slowing in processing speed is an important contributor to verbal memory impairment in patients with schizophrenia. The possible role of various specific slowing functions is discussed...

..In this study, we tested the prediction that autonomic response to emotional stimuli would be reduced in patients with depersonalization disorder...

..This makes assessments based on subjective reports unreliable. We circumvent this by using a standardized method to quantify stressful life events and by assessing objectively the neural correlates of emotion processing...

..In conclusion, the association between hallucinations and response bias extends across modalities to picture recognition. The association between hallucinations and temporal context impairment extends to spatial context...

..The study is an example of how experimental psychopathology can illuminate areas of philosophical dispute that are difficult to settle by thought alone...

..Neither processing speed nor depressed mood was associated with storage efficiency. It is concluded that both cognitive speed slowing and depressed mood impact on effortful encoding processes...

..This "cognitive neuropsychiatric approach" is discussed in relation to attempts to understand thought disorder, delusions and lack of insight...

..This study provides further evidence that patients with DPD do not process emotionally salient material in the same way as healthy controls, in accordance with their subjective descriptions of reduced or absent emotional responses...

..A deficit in remembering the temporal context of events (a type of source memory) has been observed in schizophrenia, and suggested to be associated with positive symptoms...

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..Lamotrigine as sole agent was not found to be effective in a previous small double-blind, randomized crossover trial. However, evidence from open trials suggests that it may be beneficial as an add-on medication with antidepressants...

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