A Caspi

..This epidemiological study thus provides evidence of a gene-by-environment interaction, in which an individual's response to environmental insults is moderated by his or her genetic makeup...

..Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed...

..We compared results from a prospective study with those from retrospective studies...

..Women's reports provide a reliable index of men's relative standing in a distribution and can be used in research about their children's fathers, but should not be used to make diagnostic decisions about men's antisocial disorders...

..Early appearing temperamental differences have a pervasive influence on life-course development and offer clues about personality structure, interpersonal relations, psychopathology, and crime in adulthood...

..To test the hypothesis that children who occupy peripheral or isolated roles in their peer groups (isolated children) are at risk of poor adult health...

..In each of these four areas, we note gaps and identify priorities for further research...

..This article discusses opportunities and challenges in the collaboration between psychiatry, epidemiology and neuroscience in studying gene-environment interactions...

..The finding shows that environmental exposures can be used to uncover novel candidate genes in complex phenotypes. It also shows that genes may work via the environment to shape the IQ, helping to close the nature versus nurture debate...

..Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that in some cases is accompanied by antisocial behavior...

..Resilient' children function better than would be expected given their experience of bullying victimisation. This study examined the role of families in promoting resilience following bullying victimisation in primary school...

..In contrast, the relation between reading achievement and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was best explained by common genetic influences...

..This study compared the developmental outcomes in and caregiving environments provided to children by depressed mothers with or without an antisocial history...

..It is unclear how best to combine family history reports into an overall score. We compare the predictive validity of different family history scores...

..No single risk factor emerged as the prime explanation, suggesting that the processes mediating the link between childhood low SES and adult poor health are multifactorial...

..Rates of depression have been rising, as have rates of work stress. We tested the influence of work stress on diagnosed depression and anxiety in young working adults...

..The vast majority of cannabis users do not develop psychosis, however, prompting us to hypothesize that some people are genetically vulnerable to the deleterious effects of cannabis...

..Whether such developmental subtypes exist in the population and have different prognoses should be rigorously tested to inform the DSM-V...

..Some candidate genes for ADHD could also contribute to variation in IQ or vice versa...

..These findings may partly explain why not all victims of maltreatment grow up to victimize others, and they provide epidemiological evidence that genotypes can moderate children's sensitivity to environmental insults...

..A principal aim of genetic research is to provide new information that can resolve such clinical heterogeneity and that can be incorporated into diagnostic practice...

..With the increasing numbers of low-birthweight infants, our results support the contention that birthweight could be a target for early preventive intervention to reduce the number of children with compromised IQ...

..CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this study provides evidence that families who conceive twins following IVF/OI are functioning well and that the experience of fertility treatment does not lead to long-term difficulties for parents or children...

..The results suggest that maternal emotional attitudes toward children may play a causal role in the development of antisocial behavior and illustrate how genetically informative research can inform tests of socialization hypotheses...

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..To test whether school, neighborhood, and family factors are independently associated with children's involvement in bullying, over and above their own behaviors that may increase their risk for becoming involved in bullying...

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..The association between depression and inflammation is inconsistent across research samples...

..Families, schoolteachers and primary care physicians have an important potentially preventive role in early identification and treatment of the disorders...

..We found no evidence to support this association...

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..To avoid biasing results, researchers who aim to compare groups in terms of their family history should ensure that the informants reporting on these groups do not differ in terms of age, sex or personal history of disorder...

..These findings are consistent with core predictions from the taxonomic theory of life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial behavior...

..These results suggest that public policy initiatives should be targeted not only at delaying childbearing in the population but at supporting individual at-risk mothers and their children...

..If most adults with mental disorders are found to have a juvenile psychiatric history, this would shift etiologic research and prevention policy to focus more on childhood mental disorders...

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..Marriage may not be the answer to the problems faced by some children living in single-parent families unless their fathers can become reliable sources of emotional and economic support...

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..To examine the association between childhood exposure to family conflict and insomnia at 18 years of age...

..We tested whether risk factors for MDD and GAD are similar or different...

..Information about the psychiatric histories of adults with anxiety disorders was examined to further inform nosology and etiological/ preventive efforts...

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..Most information about GAD-MDD comorbidity comes from patient samples and retrospective surveys...

..CONCLUSIONS: The results provide evidence for an early-childhood, persistent, pan-developmental impairment that is specifically associated with schizophreniform disorder and that predicts psychotic symptoms in childhood and adulthood...

..Findings recommend intervention with all aggressive children and with all delinquent adolescents, to prevent a variety of maladjustments in adult life...

..This study is the first to distinguish prospectively between juvenile- and adult-onset cases of MDD in a representative birth cohort followed up from childhood into adulthood...

..To test whether the experience of being bullied has an environmentally mediated effect on internalizing symptoms in young children...

..It is also unknown what variables predict help-seeking for these symptoms, whether they are developmentally stable, and whether they increase the risk of mental disorders...

..For research and clinical purposes, young children's self-reports can be viewed as a valuable complement to adults' ratings and observational measures of children's behavior problems...

..No group differences emerged for externalizing problems, ADHD or prosocial behaviors. The implications of the findings for parents and teachers of twins, and for school practices about separating twins, are discussed...

..Though this statistical link may signal a causal association, commentators have urged caution in interpreting findings because of the likelihood of confounding...

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..Findings add new information by demonstrating that resilience is partly heritable and that protective processes operate through both genetic and environmental effects...

..An influential article published in 1990 claimed that the increased rate of reading disability in boys was a consequence of referral bias...

..Genetic etiology is unknown because most research with young children focuses on environmental risk factors, and the few existing studies of young twins used only mothers' reports of behaviour, which may be biased...

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..People with psychosis have an elevated risk of violence...

..60 (1.05-2.45), p = .030) but not depressive disorders (OR (95% CI) = .99 (.63-1.56), p = .959). Persistent sleep problems in childhood may be an early risk indicator of anxiety in adulthood...

..The review seeks to outline what is known, what are the methodological hazards that must be dealt with, and the research strategies that may be employed...

..This longitudinal study of a nonreferred, population-based sample tested the concurrent, convergent, and predictive validity of DSM-IV conduct disorder in children 4(1/2)-5 years of age...

..We suggest that in psychiatric genetics, ignoring nurture handicaps the field's capacity to make new discoveries about nature...

..These findings have important implications for attempts to identify specific genes responsible for genetic influence on personality...

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..67 [1.17-2.37], p=.004): Objectively verified allergies were not. These results suggest that the link between anxiety and allergies may reflect a methodological artifact rather than a psychobiological reality...

..The findings suggest that low self-esteem during adolescence predicts negative real-world consequences during adulthood...

..Understanding the origins of these groups is important since they have elevated emotional and behavioural problems, especially the bully-victims. No research has examined the genetic and environmental influences on these social roles...

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..Such epigenetic variation between genetically identical individuals may play a key role in the etiology of psychopathology, and explain the incomplete phenotypic concordance observed in MZ twins...

..Inflammation may be an important developmental mediator linking adverse experiences in early life to poor adult health...

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..The findings support the hypothesis that physical maltreatment plays a causal role in the development of children's antisocial behavior and that preventing maltreatment can prevent its violent sequelae...

..Results are discussed in terms of the openness of the parent-child relationship in adulthood to further development...

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..Recent work suggests that this paradigm is useful for assessing disruptive behaviour in young children (Hughes, Cutting, & Dunn, 2001)...

..We examined the association between mental disorder and violent victimization in a general population sample...

..Certain genotypes may promote resistance to trauma. Physically maltreated children whose first-degree relatives engage in antisocial behavior warrant priority for therapeutic intervention...

..This assumption is now questioned because several longitudinal studies have documented that adolescents with psychiatric disorders grow up to be overrepresented among adults involved in partner violence...

..The relevance of the findings to theories of personality development is discussed...

..There was no evidence of genetic influence, however, on religious attitudes during adolescence...

..Discussion focuses on clarifying the relations among self-esteem, narcissism, and externalizing problems...

..We examined the association between childhood neurodevelopmental, temperamental, behavioral and family environmental characteristics assessed before age 11 years and the development of PTSD up to age 32 years in a birth cohort...

..Genetic influences common to both phenotypes explained 100% of the low IQ-antisocial behavior relation in boys. Findings suggest that specific candidate genes and neurobiological processes should be tested in relation to both phenotypes...

..Possible underlying proximal mechanisms are discussed, including maternal speech and mind-mindedness, sibling interactions, and peer influences...

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..Prior studies have had conflicting results regarding the relationship between adolescent depression and adult obesity...

..characteristics distinguish resilient from non-resilient maltreated children? Do children's individual strengths promote resilience even when children are exposed to multiple family and neighborhood stressors (cumulative stressors model)?..

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..Job conditions and personality traits had independent effects on counterproductive work behaviors, above and beyond background factors...