Anthony J Swerdlow

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..We conducted a case-control study in Britain to investigate these risks...

..Risks of cancer at other major sites were not substantially raised for type I patients. The excesses of obesity- and alcohol-related cancers in type II diabetes may be due to confounding rather than diabetes per se...

..Case reports have led to suggestions that men with Klinefelter syndrome have elevated risks of several cancers, but published cohort studies have been relatively small. We conducted a nationwide cohort study to examine these risks...

..We investigated the long-term risk of second primary malignancy after chemotherapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) in a much larger cohort than any yet published, to our knowledge...

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..There is limited information about long-term mortality in this syndrome because there have been no large cohort studies...

..The rationale, design, recruitment and follow-up methods are described for the Breakthrough Generations Study, a UK cohort study started in 2003, targeted at investigation of breast cancer aetiology...

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..The results suggest that tamoxifen treatment of premenopausal or perimenopausal women does not materially affect ovarian cancer risk, but that non-hormonal chemotherapy might increase risk...

..To investigate mortality in South Asian patients with insulin-treated diabetes and compare it with mortality in non South Asian patients and in the general population...

..To investigate risk factors for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in patients in the United Kingdom treated with human pituitary growth hormone (hGH)...

..6 billion subscriptions worldwide. However, there is public concern about the possibility that mobile phones might cause cancer, especially brain tumors...

..The results strongly suggest that in addition to suppressor genes relating to Wilms' tumour risk on 11p and retinoblastoma on 13q, there are suppressor genes around 11q24 that greatly affect anogenital cancer risk...

..70, P = 0.017). Case-only analyses provided further support for atopy interactions for rs4977756 and rs498872. This study provides evidence for possible gene-environment interactions in glioma development...

..Turner syndrome is characterized by complete or partial X chromosome monosomy. It is associated with substantial morbidity, but mortality risks and causes of death are not well described...

..To assess long-term site-specific risks of second malignancy following non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in relation to treatment and demographic factors...

..59, 95% confidence interval: 1.26-2.02; P = .000111). These data provide evidence that genetic variation in FGFR2 influences radiation-induced breast cancer risk...

..Further investigations are required to confirm these findings and to elucidate the possible role of genes on the Y chromosome in the aetiology of these causes of death...

..Mortality from acute diabetes-related events is greatly raised in young adults with type 1 diabetes. Psychosocial and socioeconomic risk factors are examined for deaths from acute events separately from deaths due to other causes...

..Cancer risks in women with Turner syndrome have not been clearly established. We aimed to compare the risk of cancer in women with this syndrome with that of the general population...

..3 years in 1990-93 cohort). Trends differed between socio-economic groups, but the recent decline was present in each group. In conclusion, menarcheal age appears to have decreased again in recent cohorts after a period of stabilisation...

..We therefore analyzed familial concordance for age at natural menopause and the effects of shared genetic and environmental factors on this concordance...

..001) were associated with older age at menopause. Neither height nor history of an eating disorder was associated with menopausal age. These findings show the importance of lifestyle factors in determining menopausal age...

..Reasons for these associations need further investigation, but some associations might be due to hormonal effects of an undiagnosed pituitary tumor...

..To assess familial resemblance for height, arm span, and components of these, and differences between concordance for short and tall heights...

..Tumors of the pituitary gland have barely been investigated in this context, but are of interest because of their intracranial location...

..08 (95% CI: 1.11, 15.07)] for births occurring within 5 years compared with more than 20 years after exposure; this effect was similar in villages with low and high radiation exposure, however, so interpretation is uncertain...

..The study showed an inverse association of glioma risk with allergic disease. Possible reasons for the association, as well as potential immunological aetiology, include confounding, bias and reverse causality...

..Cerebrovascular mortality rates have been shown to be raised in patients with type II diabetes but have not previously been reported by age and sex in patients with type I diabetes...

..In conclusion, approximately half of the variation in age at menarche was attributable to additive genetic effects with the remainder attributable to non-shared environmental effects...

..Comparison of risk factor levels between affected probands and unaffected twins in twin pairs can provide a unique method to investigate risk factors that act in early life...

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..In this minireview, we examine the evidence which should inform such a management policy...

..We suggest that in future information in the NHS screening system should be structured to facilitate such analysis and to allow cytology and histology information to be readily linked...

..If screening were discontinued for all women over 50 with a negative history, the majority of cytological abnormalities now being detected at these ages that lead directly to referral to colposcopy would be missed...

..There is evidence that raised endogenous levels of growth hormone and IGF-I might be associated with increased risk of certain solid cancers, but there have been no data on long-term risks of solid cancers after growth hormone treatment...

..Mobile phone use is now ubiquitous, and scientific reviews have recommended research into its relation to leukaemia risk, but no large studies have been conducted...

..The Diabetes UK cohort, essentially one of patients with Type 1 diabetes, now has sufficient follow-up to report all heart disease, and specifically ischaemic heart disease, mortality rates by age...

..The reasons for this association need clarification, as well as an etiologic explanation. Consideration also needs to be given to confounding or bias...

..The objective of this study was to study the prevalence of opportunistic smear taking in the NHS cervical screening programme between 1999 and 2003 and the relationship of this to screening interval policy...

..These findings need replication by other studies and possible mechanisms need to be clarified...

..Epidemiological investigation of the aetiology of NHL and Hodgkin's disease is making steady progress, however, and there remain leads to be followed that may result in a better understanding and hence prevention...

..Early menarche increases breast cancer risk but, aside from weight, information on its determinants is limited...

..Conclusions: Although there remains some uncertainty, the trend in the accumulating evidence is increasingly against the hypothesis that mobile phone use can cause brain tumors in adults...

..The authors' results suggest that the immunologic cause of EBV-negative NHL may be different from that of LPD. Investigation of the relation of risk of EBV-negative NHL to degree of immunosuppression is needed...

..70, combined P = 2.84 × 10(-50)). These data provide new insight into the pathogenesis of cHL...

..Risk factors for primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and its subtypes have not been fully investigated...

..The role of chemotherapy in the etiology of lung cancer after Hodgkin's disease deserves further investigation...

..We investigated whether tamoxifen therapy increases mortality among breast cancer patients subsequently diagnosed with endometrial cancer...

..In conclusion, no significant association was found between radiation exposure level and sex ratio, but some previously suggested demographic factors were positively associated with sex ratio...

..1-3.1). The study suggests that there is no substantial risk of acoustic neuroma in the first decade after starting mobile phone use. However, an increase in risk after longer term use or after a longer lag period could not be ruled out...

..Similar changes are likely when samples are delayed in transit, and evidence of etiology may be obscured unless study designs or analyses take into account processing delays...

..Colon and rectum cancer incidence was significantly raised 1989-93 but greatly reduced after 1994, when colonoscopic screening in high-risk families and sigmoidoscopic screening in the general population were introduced...

..In addition, we found that there was no association between the BRAF genotype and mean total number of banal or atypical nevi in either the cases or controls...

..The magnitude of the NK cell response may ultimately determine whether primary EBV infection has a clinical outcome...

..Transmission in this way appears to account for most cases of IM but for only a minority of cases of asymptomatic EBV infection, which mainly occur at younger ages...

..g., <5 live births) (pOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.14-0.75). The results are compatible with an effect of reproductive history-related factors on melanoma risk, but also could reflect differences in other factors, such as sun exposure history...

..The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of cancer in a cohort of women attending a large infertility clinic in the UK...

..Liver conditions, but not hematological disorders, showed a strong and consistent gradient with cumulative alpha-particle radiation dose...

..This is consistent with most but not all published studies. The complementary positive and negative risks associated with ipsilateral and contralateral use of the phone in relation to the side of the tumour might be due to recall bias...

..Our results indicated possible associations between combinations of XRCC1 and XRCC3 SNPs and the risk of brain tumors...

..The finding of small quantities of cell-associated virus suggests a latent infection; thus EBV is probably in the B lymphocyte rather than in the epithelial cell component of the secretions...

..Nonetheless, the association between the T-G IL-4Ralpha haplotype and glioblastoma risk may indicate a role of immune factors in glioblastoma development...

..In aggregate, data from these studies suggest that greater height and weight gain may be risk factors for cutaneous melanoma in women...

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..60, 0.91). Our results show a reduced risk for glioma associated primarily with current allergic conditions. If this is etiologic, it has implications for the understanding of how allergic conditions might reduce the tumor risk...

..Our results show that allogeneic CTLs are a safe and rapid therapy for PTLD, bypassing the need to grow CTLs for individual patients. The response rate in this poor prognosis patient group is encouraging...

..Because there is less previous evidence for a role of NQO1, CYP1A1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 variants, we restricted analysis of these variants to a small preliminary study...

..Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that polymorphisms and haplotypes in p53 and ATM could be associated with glioma and meningioma risk...

..The previous association between XRCC3 and melanoma may be a result of the choice of control group and we emphasize the need for appropriate choice of controls...

..Since tumour growth results from inadequate T-cell control of latent EBV, new immunotherapeutic approaches to treatment are being pioneered...

..A vaccine against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is in clinical trials. Up-to-date information on risk factors for EBV infection and infectious mononucleosis (IM) among young adults is required to inform a vaccination strategy...