M J Berridge

..Further dysregulation in Ca(2+) signalling will then go on to induce the neurodegeneration that characterizes the later stages of dementia...

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..Exceeding its normal spatial and temporal boundaries can result in cell death through both necrosis and apoptosis...

..It is a change in the properties of the Ca2+ transient that seems to carry the information responsible for the remodelling of the cardiac gene transcription programme that leads first to hypertrophy and then to congestive heart failure...

..Ca2+ has a direct role in controlling the expression patterns of its signalling systems that are constantly being remodelled in both health and disease...

..Conversely, the presenilins that appear to increase the Ca(2+) content of the ER lumen make cells more susceptible to apoptosis...

..Control of cardiac cell contraction and gene transcription provides another example of how the parallel processing of Ca(2+) signalling can occur through microdomains of intracellular Ca(2+)...

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..The alteration in Ca(2+) signaling will also contribute to the neurodegeneration that characterizes the later stages of dementia...

..Furthermore, local Ca(2+) signals are the triggers and building blocks for larger global signals that propagate throughout cells...

..By mixing and matching components from the toolkit, cells can obtain Ca2+ signals that suit their physiology...

..While the subsarcolemmal Ca2+ response can be considered as stereotypic, the central bulk of the cell grades its response in direct proportion to cellular Ca2+ load and Ca2+ influx...

..Therefore, Ca(2+) puffs underlie inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate signalling in diverse cell types and are focal points for regulation of cellular responses...

..Our data suggest that 2-APB has multiple cellular targets, a use-dependent action, is difficult to reverse and may affect Ca(2+) signalling in cell types where InsP(3) and SOC are not active...

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..Clearly, the many Ca2+ signalling mechanisms that may impinge on Ca2+(nuc) will remain a topic of controversy and debate for some time...

..This highly versatile signalling system has been adapted to regulate a wide range of cellular processes including fertilization, development, proliferation and apoptosis...

..Furthermore, in addition to the characteristics of Ca(2+) signals, Ca(2+) uniporter desensitization and proximity of mitochondria to InsP(3) receptors modulate mitochondrial Ca(2+) responses...

..We propose that Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptors support the development of both inotropy and spontaneous pro-arrhythmic Ca2+ signals in ventricular myocytes stimulated with a Gq-coupled agonist...

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..Our data indicate that mitochondria within individual cells are morphologically heterogeneous and unconnected, allowing them to have distinct functional properties...

..These data indicate that although it must be used with caution, 2-APB can be useful in probing certain aspects of Ca2+ signaling...

..With low ATP concentrations, only local Ca(2+) release events were observed. CAML did not affect the characteristics of these local Ca(2+) signals, suggesting that it does not directly affect Ca(2+) release channels...

..Calcium regulates three different aspects of cardiac contraction. It drives pacemaker activity, excitation-contraction coupling and the transcriptional events that remodel the Ca(2+) signalling system in both health and disease...

..These data indicate how calcium signals and their consequences are determined by the interplay of multiple subcellular calcium management systems...

..Recent studies have expanded the number of channel types and messengers that lead to Ca(2+) signals within cells. Furthermore, we are beginning to understand the complex interplay between different sources of Ca(2+)...

..Lett. 248, 195-198] we suggest that Xtrp may underlie capacitative calcium entry in Xenopus tissues...

..The Ca2+ signal stimulates gene transcription and thus initiates the cell cycle processes that culminate in cell division...

..Thus, spontaneous Ca(2+) signals are an intrinsic property of differentiating neurosphere-derived precursors. Their frequency may specify neuronal morphology and acquisition of neurotransmitter phenotype...

..We suggest that this functional interaction of Bcl-2 with InsP3Rs inhibits InsP3R activation and thereby regulates InsP3-induced calcium release from the ER...

..We also show that phosphorylation of CaBP1 at a casein kinase 2 consensus site regulates its inhibition of IICR. Our data suggest that CaBPs are endogenous regulators of InsP(3)Rs tuning the sensitivity of cells to InsP(3)...

..One goal is to catalyse complementary research in individual laboratories; to facilitate this, all alliance data are freely available for use by the entire research community...