J Wain

..These regions appear to be hot spots for DNA acquisition in IncHI1 plasmids...

..In 1996 a single RFLP type, RFLP7, was found to carry the dfrA7 and sul-1 genes, which were not present on R27 or pHCM1. This plasmid type appears to have a selective advantage over other plasmids with the same resistance phenotype...

..01) and positively with fever clearance time after treatment (R = 0.4, P < 0.001). The bacterial load in bone marrow therefore may reflect the clinical course of the infection, and high levels may suppress neutrophil proliferation...

..However, 14% of the positive results would be false-positive, and 10% of the negative results would be false-negative. The Widal test can be helpful in the laboratory diagnosis of typhoid fever in Vietnam if interpreted with care...

..This study suggests that resistance to penicillin and other antimicrobial agents is common in carriage isolates of S. pneumoniae from children in Vietnam...

..The low incidence of melioidosis in the provinces around Ho Chi Minh City may be explained by the restricted distribution of ara-negative B. pseudomallei in the soil in this area...

..007). These tests could be of use for the diagnosis of typhoid fever in patients who have clinical typhoid fever but are culture negative or in regions where bacterial culturing facilities are not available...

..We show how acquisition of DNA at specific sites on the chromosome has contributed to increased genetic variation and virulence of these two genera of the Enterobacteriaceae...

..coli to adapt to new environments. These additional genes are often clustered, have related functions (for example, virulence-associated genes in pathogenicity islands) and may be integrated at specific sites on the E. coli chromosome...

..DRB1*04) or predisposed individuals to typhoid fever (TNFA*2 [-308].DRB1*0301) were determined. This report identifies a genetic association in humans between typhoid fever and MHC class II and III genes...

..No allelic association was identified between the NRAMP1 alleles and typhoid fever susceptibility. In addition, neither homozygotes nor heterozygotes for any NRAMP1 variants were at increased risk of typhoid fever...

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..In acute typhoid fever, the ability of peripheral blood leukocytes to release proinflammatory cytokines in response to an inflammatory stimulus is depressed, and this may contribute to delayed recovery following antibiotic treatment...

..We have new insights into the mechanisms underpinning the human host specificity of S typhi, and have exploitable new routes to improved diagnostics and a better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease...

..Immunohistochemical results showed that the predominant infiltrating cell types at the site of perforation were CD68+ leukocytes (macrophages) or CD3+ leukocytes (T lymphocytes)...

..Both antibiotics were well tolerated. Uncomplicated typhoid fever due to isolates of MDR S. enterica serovar Typhi with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones (Na(r)) can be successfully treated with a 7-day course of azithromycin...

..The 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone gatifloxacin showed rapid killing of serovar Typhi harboring both the single- and double-amino-acid substitutions...

..These findings suggest that strategies directed towards the persons in contact with a patient might reduce the incidence of secondary cases of typhoid fever...

..typhi isolated before, but not after, 1994. Similar pHCM2-related sequences were also detected in S. typhi isolated from other regions of South East Asia and Pakistan but not elsewhere in the world...

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..This study helps to describe the epidemiology of antimicrobial drug resistance in typhoid fever...

..typhi. No adverse events were attributable to the ofloxacin. These results extend previous observations on the efficacy of short courses of ofloxacin for children with uncomplicated multi-drug-resistant typhoid fever...

..In addition, we attempt to put current salmonella research into the context of typhoid fever...

..typhi existed 15,000-150,000 years ago, during the human hunter-gatherer phase and prior to the development of agriculture and the domestication of animals...

..TLR5 may not play an important role in TLR-stimulated innate immune responses to human infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Initiation of these responses may rely on other TLRs that recognize different bacterial ligands...

..citri. This analysis suggested that SPI-7 may be a mobile element, such as a conjugative transposon or an integrated plasmid remnant...

..Simple clinical predictors can be used to guide empirical antibiotic therapy of meningitis. Pneumococcal vaccination may help to control this problem...

..The Salmonella serodiagnosis protocols described here are the new standard operating procedures used by the Health Protection Agency's National Salmonella Reference Centre based in the Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens, Colindale, UK...

..These multiplex PCR assays, based on prophage-like elements and Salmonella genomic island 1, provide a simple method for identifying new variants of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium in the field...

..Our data show that these serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A IncHI1 plasmids share highly conserved core DNA and have acquired similar mobile elements encoding antibiotic resistance genes in past decades...

..There is a need for more efficient rapid diagnostic test for typhoid fever especially during the acute stage of the disease. Until then, culture remains the method of choice...

..These results predict that the use of ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin will select for resistance to gatifloxacin in nature...

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..The method described here can be used to monitor the incidence of Vi-negative serovar Typhi in regions where the Vi vaccine is used...

..The observed patterns of genetic isolation and drift are consistent with the proposed key role of asymptomatic carriers of Typhi as the main reservoir of this pathogen, highlighting the need for identification and treatment of carriers...

..To inform policy-makers about introduction of preventive interventions against typhoid, including vaccination...

..Lysogenic bacteriophages therefore play a crucial role in the generation of genetic diversity within S.enterica...

..The genome of the Vi phage E1 is significantly related to other bacteriophages belonging to the same serovar Typhi phage-typing set, and we demonstrate a role for phage DNA modification in determining host specificity...

..S. flexneri serotypes 1-5, X and Y were clustered together in a group containing many allelic variants while serotype 6 formed a distinct group, as previously established...

..CONCLUSION: The antipyretic effect of ibuprofen is superior to that of paracetamol in children with typhoid fever, particularly those with prolonged fever. Both antipyretics appeared to be safe...

..coli clonal group A belongs. This finding suggests a recent common ancestor for these distinct groups of pathogenic E. coli...

..Paratyphi A. We compared their incidences by using standardized methods from population-based studies in China, Indonesia, India, and Pakistan...

..18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scanning identified deep-seated infection including unsuspected aortitis and highlights the utility of novel imaging techniques to improve our understanding and treatment of this disease...

..The results show that the dT+ phenotype requires a functional product encoded by STM 3356, and support the use of the PCR-based discrimination method for S. Paratyphi B and S. Java as the standard differentiation method...

..This stealth strategy seems to be used widely to aid horizontal DNA transmission and has important implications for bacterial evolution...