Paolo Vineis

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..Diet has long been suspected to impact on breast cancer risk. In this study we evaluated whether the degree of adherence to a Mediterranean diet pattern modifies breast cancer risk amongst Greek-Cypriot women...

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..e., research that integrates knowledge, data, methods, techniques, and reasoning from multiple disciplines, approaches and levels of analysis to generate knowledge that no discipline alone may achieve...

..To examine the association of education with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)...

..It is therefore desirable to obtain an estimate of the significance of each ridge regression coefficient...

..To investigate the association between environmental tobacco smoke, plasma cotinine concentration, and respiratory cancer or death...

..Our description, though simplified, looks realistic, it is able to capture the historical sequence of carcinogenesis theories in the last century and can serve as a frame to make research hypotheses more explicit...

..Recent developments in both data acquisition techniques and laboratory approaches advocate for a more extensive and refined use of biomarkers...

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..The association with NO(2) did not change after adjustment by cotinine and additional potential confounders, including occupational exposures. No clear association was found with other pollutants...

..Such susceptibility genes are of considerable scientific interest, but do not confer high enough risks to be clinically relevant...

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..In the mean time limitations of biomarkers need to be addressed, in particular the lack of validation, the limited reproducibility of several biomarkers, and the fact that measurements are expensive and cumbersome...

..4. At the population level, there is additional uncertainty in quantifying interaction and assigning etiologic fractions to different necessary causes because of ignorance about the components of the sufficient cause...

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..We chose a set of candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to investigate gene-environment interactions in three types of cancer that have been related to air pollution (lung, bladder and myeloid leukemia)...

..The present Commentary is a report of an Environmental Cancer Risk, Nutrition and Individual Susceptibility network Workshop held in Venice in October 2007 and discusses some of the problems outlined above, with examples...

..It is therefore useful to estimate the burden of disease associated with indoor and outdoor air pollution...

..It has been hypothesized that this may be due, in part, to the parallel rising prevalence of obesity. It is biologically plausible that anthropometric characteristics can infuence the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma...

..Finally, I will describe a specific example of potential misuse of genetic information...

..A systematic review was not possible given the sparse nature of the data, but we suggest that the burden of environmental exposures to carcinogens can be substantial in developing countries...

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..The development of "-omics", in spite of current limitations and lack of sound validation, could greatly contribute to the elucidation of the disease model we propose...

..Epidemics of cancer could have been prevented if experimental data had been used to reduce human exposures or ban carcinogenic chemicals. We discuss examples...

..Such estimates in turn cannot be used to estimate the proportion of cases that are due to environmental factors...

..Both hypotheses (i.e., the interaction with autoimmune diseases and with familial predisposition) indirectly suggest that an immunologic mechanism could be involved in lymphomagenesis from solvents...

..The STROBE-ME recommendations are intended to complement the STROBE recommendations...

..The STROBE-ME recommendations are intended to complement the STROBE recommendations...

..Previous studies have shown that high fiber intake is associated with lower mortality. However, little is known about the association of dietary fiber with specific causes of death other than cardiovascular disease (CVD)...

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..This study found a reduced risk associated with fruit and vegetable intake. No interaction was observed between fruit and vegetable consumption and DNA repair gene polymorphisms...

..A secondary aim was to use cotinine levels for cross-validating self-reported second-hand smoke exposure...

..Results from this study support an increase in risk of meningioma with higher body fatness among both men and women. No association was observed between anthropometric measures and risk of glioma...

..7 (95% CI = 0.5-15.3). An association between lung cancer and the homozygous CYP1A1*2A genotype is confirmed. An apparent and biologically plausible interaction is suggested between this genotype and GSTM1...

..A detailed characterization of DNA repair genetic variation is warranted and might ultimately help to identify multiple susceptibility variants that could be responsible for joint effects on the risk...

..The STROBE-ME recommendations are intended to complement the STROBE recommendations...

..We explored whether the association remained after longer follow-up with a near threefold increase in colorectal cancer cases, and if the association varied by gender and tumour location...

..The identified biological markers have potential to shed light on the pathways of carcinogenesis, thus defining the association more clearly for public health interventions...

..The STROBE-ME recommendations are intended to complement the STROBE recommendations...

..2.17-12.85). Observations from this prospective study suggest that polymorphisms of genes involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks significantly influence the risk of cancer and non-cancer disease, and can influence mortality...

..The positive association that we observed between methionine and pancreatic cancer may be sex dependent and may differ by time of follow-up. However, the mechanisms behind the observed associations warrant further investigation...

..The STROBE-ME recommendations are intended to complement the STROBE recommendations...

..In a recent US cohort study, total coffee and tea consumption was inversely associated with risk of glioma, and experimental studies showed that caffeine can slow the invasive growth of glioblastoma...

..The STROBE-ME recommendations are intended to complement the STROBE recommendations...

..People who smoke more than 30 cigarettes per day showed the highest risk compared to never smokers (OR: 4.15, 95% CI: 1.02-16.42). This study is the first to show that plasma cotinine levels are strongly related to pancreatic cancer...

..This observation can shed light on the mechanisms underlying reported associations between 8q24 variants and disparate chronic diseases...

..among those who had been exposed daily in childhood (overall HR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.14-3.84). In conclusion, childhood ETS exposure might not be a major risk factor for common cancers in adulthood...

..Meat intake may be related to weight gain because of its high energy and fat content. Some observational studies have shown that meat consumption is positively associated with weight gain, but intervention studies have shown mixed results...

..Larger studies are needed to clarify the possible effects of flavonoids in vivo; our preliminary results could help to better plan new studies on gene expression and diet...

..5% of variance. Our study suggests that fiber intake, especially cereal fiber, may be associated with a decreased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines...

..Although efforts have been made to create synopses for specific fields that summarize the data from genetic association studies, such an overview is not available for genes involved in DNA repair...

..Predictive disease risk biomarkers that can be linked to exposure have proved difficult to identify in case-control studies...

..There is an association between a greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet and a reduced risk of developing chronic diseases. However, it is not clear whether this dietary pattern may be protective also against the development of obesity...

..These results suggest that the LCT and TAS2R38 variants are good candidates for Mendelian randomization studies of cancer and other health outcomes...

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..The analyses were more inconsistent and failed to reach statistical significance in Asians. This observation might be due to design specificities or unknown effect modifiers in the Asian studies...

..We have studied the association between 52 high-risk job titles and lung cancer incidence in a large prospective study, with more than 200,000 participants followed for more than 6 years and 809 incident cases of lung cancer...

..The aim of this study was to investigate for the first time the association between body fat and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with an appropriate prospective study design...

..Our model is generalizable and straightforward to implement. Its accuracy can be attributed to its modeling of lifetime exposure to smoking...

..Increases in the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma in the past implicate environmental factors as potential causal agents...

..These null results, although based on a relatively small sample size, suggest that persistent EBV and HCV infection in the PBMC is not a stronger predictor of NHL risk than serological evidence of infection...

..1) and rs4324798 (6p22.1) in influencing survival time in lung cancer patients who were never-smokers, based on a small sample...

..The extensive longitudinal data of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) were used to evaluate age-specific mortality rates from ALS and the role of cigarette smoking on the risk of dying from ALS...

..The relationship between occupation and malignant lymphoma has been investigated in a large European prospective study...

..0002). We propose that by using this profile-based approach to define immunologic signatures, it might be possible to identify unique immunologic hallmarks of specific types of obesity...

..The latter aspect is not just a semantic question but carries implications for the focus of preventive actions, whether centred on the material and social environment or on single individuals...

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..It has been hypothesised that regular exercise may modulate the immune system and thereby reduce the risk of developing the disease...

..Factors that have been reported to be related to DNA adduct levels include smoking, diet, body mass index (BMI), genetic polymorphisms, the season of collection of biologic material, and air pollutants...

..03-0.81). Our results suggest that polymorphisms and/or haplotypes in XRCC3, XRCC1, and PCNA genes and spanning XPD-ERCC1 region may modulate bladder cancer risk and that some of these effects may preferentially affect current smokers...

..Immunoassays for the quantification of adducts of N-nitroso compounds are useful for large epidemiological studies, given their sensitivity, the small amount of DNA required and their potential for rapid and high-throughput analysis...

..Their guidance covers issues regarding collection, handling and storage of biological samples; laboratory methods, validity and reliability of biomarkers; specificities of study design; and ethical considerations...

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..There is a need for their systematic validation using principles and criteria established over the past several decades in molecular cancer epidemiology...

..The consistent observation of a difference between men and women in bladder cancer risk, after allowing for known risk factors, suggests consideration of gender-related biological determinants for future investigation...

..Abnormal values of liver enzymes and presence of replicative HCV-RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells are also observed. Aim of the study was to evaluate occult HCV occurrence in a population unselected for hepatic disease...

..001) (MANOVA adjusted by sex, BMI, education, and time). CONCLUSIONS: A brief educational intervention by GPs can induce multiple diet changes that may lower BMI and potentially reduce chronic disease risk in generally healthy adults...

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..87, for 30 or more g/day of alcohol from liquor, compared to none). No associations were noted for wine or beer intake. Overall, no significant increase in risk was observed, but a small effect among heavy drinkers cannot be ruled out...

..Given the good fit of the model to this large dataset, it is unlikely that further information on presence of genomic instability or of types of genomic instability can be extracted from age-incidence data by extensions of this model...

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..The biological samples that are collected and how they are processed and stored will have a major impact on the future scientific usefulness of the UK Biobank resource...

..In addition, a theoretical approach to the problem of gene-environment interactions at low levels of exposure is offered...

..Our observation suggests that NAT2 is not a risk factors per se but modulates the effect of carcinogens contained in tobacco smoke (probably arylamines) or associated with occupational exposures...

..CONCLUSIONS: The uneven distribution of ETS in the population is a matter of concern, since it contributes to the unequal distribution of health in different social groups...

..Further investigations of the combined effects of polymorphisms within these DNA repair genes, smoking and other risk factors may help to clarify the influence of genetic variation in the carcinogenic process...

..Our results suggest that bladder-cancer risk can be genetically modulated by XRCC3, which may repair DNA cross-link lesions produced by aromatic amines and other environmental chemicals...

..The role of SULT1A1 and of NAT2 on the activation of HAAs suggests that NAT2 rapid acetylator genotype and SULT1A1 allele variants can have an effect on HAA carcinogenicity...

..The present contribution is a short review of the relevant literature, with particular emphasis on some polymorphisms involved in dietary exposures. In addition, the practical implications of genetic testing in this field are discussed...

..Our goal was to provide an update on the worldwide prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents...

..8, 95% c.i. 1.05-21.5), in particular pipe fitters and boilermakers (3 cases and 1 control; OR = 10.7; 1.07-103)...