Mary A Rutherford

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..Neurodevelopmental morbidity occurs in over 50% of children. Specific therapy in the form of anticoagulation is currently only recommended in CSVT and needs to be carefully monitored in the presence of haemorrhage...

..Serial imaging with quantification of both structure size and tissue damage provides invaluable insights into perinatal brain injury...

..MR imaging is an excellent predictor of outcome following perinatal brain injury and can therefore be used as a biomarker in interventional trials designed to reduce injury and improve neurodevelopmental outcome...

..This decrease was significant in infants with a moderate aEEG finding but not in those with a severe aEEG finding. A decrease in the incidence of severe cortical lesions was seen in the infants treated with SHC...

..Serial imaging with quantification of both tissue damage and structure size provides invaluable insights into the effects of perinatal injury on the developing brain...

..Advanced techniques such as venography, angiography and perfusion-weighted imaging may be useful in certain situations, and serial imaging may help differentiate perinatal-acquired lesions from other pathologies...

..This may be exploited for conventional T1 and T2 weighted imaging and also for advanced techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging, angiography and functional magnetic resonance studies...

..The aim of this study was to establish a more objective method for confirming tissue injury in term neonates who present with early seizures that are believed to be hypoxic-ischemic in origin...

..This review discusses the role of MR imaging in investigating these three disorders in terms of aetiology, pathology, and outcome...

..A review of the literature to date provides information for clinicians to help assess which patients they should be referring for fetal MRI and what additional information to ultrasound they can obtain...

..The aim of our study was to test this hypothesis by direct measurement of thalamic and lentiform nuclei volumes in preterm infants at term-equivalent age and term-born controls using manual volumetry...

..FA may aid prognostication and provide a biomarker for therapeutic or mechanistic studies of preterm brain injury...

..Early lesions, except for cerebellar hemorrhage and major destructive lesions, do not show clear relationships with outcomes...

..This study demonstrates that TBSS provides an observer-independent method of identifying white matter abnormalities in the preterm brain at term equivalent age in the absence of focal lesions...

..To examine the spectrum of isolated white matter (WM)/cortical injury and its relation to outcomes in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and normal appearing basal ganglia and thalami...

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..This study addresses the question: Is reduced global brain growth in the neonatal period inevitable after premature birth, or is it associated with specific medical risk factors?..

..This technique promises to be a useful tool for assessing connectivity in the developing brain and in infants with lesions...

..CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that DEHSI represents an oligodendrocyte and/or axonal abnormality that is widespread throughout the cerebral WM...

..0001). T2 values were not significantly reduced with increasing PMA in the thalami (P =.06). CONCLUSION: T2 values decrease with increasing PMA in the preterm brain...

..This result focuses attention on brain growth and cortical development during the weeks following preterm delivery as a neural substrate for neurodevelopmental impairment after premature delivery...

..Also, the resulting 4D atlas can serve as a good representative of the population of interest as it reflects both global and local changes. The atlas is publicly available at www.brain-development.org...

..Deformation-based morphometry is a powerful tool for modelling the developing brain in health and disease, and can be used to test putative aetiological factors for injury...

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..The purpose of this study was to investigate alterations in brain metabolism in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and evidence of cerebral redistribution of blood flow...

..The atlas is publicly available at www.brain-development.org...

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..Brain injury patterns identified on early MRI scans and their relationships to the nature of the hypoglycemic insult and neurodevelopmental outcomes are poorly defined...

..These data suggest that potentially modifiable respiratory morbidity is associated with widespread altered white matter microstructure in preterm infants at term-equivalent age...

..Detailed illustrated protocols are made available in the Appendix...

..Results from normal fetal brains were found to be consistent with published data from premature infants of similar gestational age...

..Bilateral symmetrical echogenic and echolucent areas in the white matter are frequently seen on the cranial ultrasound scans of apparently well preterm infants without overt pathology...

..Cranial ultrasonography (cUS) is the primary method used for evaluating the neonatal brain and it is important to know whether linear measurements made using this technique are accurate...

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..There was no significant difference between ADC values in infants with DEHSI and those with overt white matter pathology. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides objective evidence that DEHSI represents diffuse white matter abnormality...

..The method has been tested successful on eight fetuses and has been validated on adults imaged at 1.5T...

..The future for neonatal imaging is exciting; however, detailed and serial imaging of carefully chosen cohorts of infants coupled with long-term clinical follow-up are essential to ensure the clinical significance of any new findings...

..We also consider the utility of tools such as functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, and diffusion tractography in the neonatal population...

..Quantitative comparison to the manual segmentation demonstrates good performance of the method (mean Dice similarity: 0.758 +/- 0.037 for GM and 0.794 +/- 0.078 for WM)...

..Fine structure of the in-utero fetal brain is clearly revealed for the first time and substantial SNR improvement is realized by having many individually acquired slices contribute to each voxel in the reconstructed image...

..This article deals with an automatic tissue segmentation of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in young children...

..However, there is no evidence that brain damage occurs before birth. We aimed to test the hypothesis that neonatal encephalopathy, early neonatal seizures, or both result from early antenatal insults...

..Each infant has been scanned at three different time points. Quantitative results are obtained by propagating sulci across multiple gestational ages and computing the overlap ratios with manually established ground-truth...

..However there is no equivalent predictive data for other specific outcomes. Feeding and communication impairments are also common in children following hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) and BGT injury...

..We present a guide for predicting outcome at 2 years in different developmental domains based on the severity of injury seen in the basal ganglia and thalami (BGT) on neonatal MRI...

..However, in infants with severe basal ganglia and thalamic lesions, cerebellar growth was reduced, and the vermis showed little or no growth during the first year after birth...

..1)HMRS has been used to assess metabolic function in the neonatal brain but fetal studies have been limited, primarily due to fetal motion. This review will assess the technique and findings from fetal studies to date...

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..CONCLUSION: Myelination was evident in numerous gray and white matter structures in the very preterm brain. A knowledge of myelination milestones will allow delays to be detected at an early stage...

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..To describe cranial ultrasound (cUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in neonates at risk of kernicterus, in relation to gestational age (GA), total serum bilirubin (TSB), age at imaging and neurodevelopmental outcome...

..The accompanying low FA within some severe and all moderate gray matter lesions, which is associated with significant later impairment, may help to confirm clinically significant abnormality in infants with normal ADC values...

..The aim of this study was to assess neuromotor function at school age in children who had cerebral infarction on neonatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)...

..To ascertain more precisely the effect of therapeutic hypothermia on neonatal cerebral injury, we assessed cerebral lesions on MRI scans of infants who participated in the Total Body Hypothermia for Neonatal Encephalopathy (TOBY) trial...

..CONCLUSION: Cortical dysplasia in MEB may not be evident until several postnatal months; therefore, if MEB is suspected, brain MRI performed in the first few months of life should be interpreted with caution...

..These have been used to quantify the growth of tissues occurring between these ages...

..Our results suggest that in preterm infants at term equivalent age visual function is directly related to the development of white matter in the optic radiations...